1. The study of plants is called ______________.
A) Zoology
B) Botany
C) Mycology
D) Ecology
Answer: B
Explanation: Botany is the branch of biology dealing with study of plants.
2. The Plant Kingdom includes ______________.
A) Prokaryotes only
B) All autotrophic eukaryotes and some heterotrophs
C) Only algae
D) Only fungi
Answer: B
Explanation: Plants include multicellular eukaryotes like algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms.
3. Algae are mostly ______________.
A) Heterotrophic
B) Autotrophic
C) Saprophytic
D) Parasitic
Answer: B
Explanation: Algae are photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll.
4. Agar-agar is obtained from ______________.
A) Red algae
B) Green algae
C) Brown algae
D) Blue-green algae
Answer: A
Explanation: Agar is extracted from red algae like Gelidium, Gracilaria.
5. Which algae is known as “kelp”?
A) Green algae
B) Brown algae
C) Red algae
D) Blue-green algae
Answer: B
Explanation: Giant brown algae (e.g., Macrocystis) are called kelps.
6. Chlorophyll a and b are found in ______________.
A) Green algae
B) Brown algae
C) Red algae
D) Cyanobacteria
Answer: A
Explanation: Green algae have chlorophyll a & b, similar to higher plants.
7. Chlorophyll a and c with fucoxanthin pigment are present in ______________.
A) Green algae
B) Brown algae
C) Red algae
D) Cyanobacteria
Answer: B
Explanation: Brown algae have chlorophyll a, c and carotenoid fucoxanthin.
8. Chlorophyll a and d with phycoerythrin pigment are present in ______________.
A) Green algae
B) Brown algae
C) Red algae
D) Cyanobacteria
Answer: C
Explanation: Red algae have chlorophyll a, d and phycoerythrin (red pigment).
9. Blue-green algae are also known as ______________.
A) Chlorophyceae
B) Cyanobacteria
C) Phaeophyceae
D) Rhodophyceae
Answer: B
Explanation: Blue-green algae are prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms = cyanobacteria.
10. The largest algae are ______________.
A) Green algae
B) Red algae
C) Brown algae
D) Blue-green algae
Answer: C
Explanation: Giant kelps like Macrocystis can grow up to 60 m.
11. Ulothrix and Spirogyra are examples of ______________.
A) Brown algae
B) Green algae
C) Red algae
D) Fungi
Answer: B
Explanation: Both are filamentous green algae.
12. Polysiphonia belongs to ______________.
A) Green algae
B) Red algae
C) Brown algae
D) Cyanobacteria
Answer: B
Explanation: Polysiphonia is a multicellular red alga.
13. Sargassum is a ______________.
A) Red alga
B) Brown alga
C) Green alga
D) Fungus
Answer: B
Explanation: Sargassum belongs to Phaeophyceae (brown algae).
14. Which algae is used as food in Japan (“Nori”)?
A) Ulva
B) Porphyra
C) Sargassum
D) Polysiphonia
Answer: B
Explanation: Porphyra (red alga) is edible, known as “Nori”.
15. The simplest algae are ______________.
A) Volvox
B) Chlamydomonas
C) Ulothrix
D) Spirogyra
Answer: B
Explanation: Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green alga.
16. Which alga is used as food (“sea lettuce”)?
A) Ulva
B) Spirogyra
C) Chara
D) Sargassum
Answer: A
Explanation: Ulva (green alga) is edible and called “sea lettuce”.
17. Mannitol is the stored food of______________.
A) Red algae
B) Brown algae
C) Green algae
D) Blue-green algae
Answer: B
Explanation: Brown algae store food as mannitol and laminarin.
18. Floridean starch is stored food of ______________.
A) Green algae
B) Brown algae
C) Red algae
D) Fungi
Answer: C
Explanation: Red algae store food as Floridean starch.
19. Starch is stored food of______________.
A) Green algae
B) Brown algae
C) Red algae
D) Fungi
Answer: A
Explanation: Green algae store carbohydrates as starch.
20. Which algae reproduce by conjugation?
A) Ulothrix
B) Spirogyra
C) Volvox
D) Chlamydomonas
Answer: B
Explanation: Spirogyra reproduces sexually by conjugation.
21. Algin is obtained from______________.
A) Red algae
B) Brown algae
C) Green algae
D) Cyanobacteria
Answer: B
Explanation: Algin (used in ice cream, cosmetics) comes from brown algae.
22. Carrageen is obtained from______________.
A) Brown algae
B) Red algae
C) Green algae
D) Cyanobacteria
Answer: B
Explanation: Carrageenan, a thickener, is derived from red algae.
23. Diatoms belong to______________.
A) Chlorophyceae
B) Phaeophyceae
C) Bacillariophyceae
D) Rhodophyceae
Answer: C
Explanation: Diatoms have silica shells and are called “pearls of ocean”.
24. The reserve food in diatoms is______________.
A) Floridean starch
B) Starch
C) Oil and leucosin
D) Mannitol
Answer: C
Explanation: Diatoms store oil and carbohydrate leucosin.
25. Which algae is called “pond scum”?
A) Spirogyra
B) Ulothrix
C) Volvox
D) Chlamydomonas
Answer: A
Explanation: Spirogyra forms green slimy mass on stagnant water.
26. Bryophytes are commonly called______________.
A) Amphibians of the plant kingdom
B) Vascular cryptogams
C) Seed plants
D) Gymnosperms
Answer: A
Explanation: Bryophytes require water for fertilization; hence called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
27. The plant body in bryophytes is______________.
A) Sporophyte dominant
B) Gametophyte dominant
C) Equal sporophyte & gametophyte
D) Root-shoot system with vascular tissues
Answer: B
Explanation: In bryophytes, gametophyte is the main independent phase; sporophyte is dependent.
28. The conducting tissues (xylem, phloem) in bryophytes are______________.
A) Absent
B) Present
C) Only phloem present
D) Only xylem present
Answer: A
Explanation: Bryophytes lack true vascular tissues.
29. Which of the following is a liverwort?
A) Funaria
B) Riccia
C) Selaginella
D) Adiantum
Answer: B
Explanation: Riccia and Marchantia are common liverworts.
30. Which of the following is a moss?
A) Marchantia
B) Riccia
C) Funaria
D) Selaginella
Answer: C
Explanation: Funaria and Sphagnum are examples of mosses.
31. Which bryophyte is called “peat moss”?
A) Riccia
B) Sphagnum
C) Funaria
D) Marchantia
Answer: B
Explanation: Sphagnum forms peat deposits, used as fuel and soil conditioner.
32. Marchantia reproduces asexually by______________.
A) Conjugation
B) Gemmae
C) Zoospores
D) Conidia
Answer: B
Explanation: Gemma cups in Marchantia contain gemmae that reproduce asexually.
33. Bryophyte sporophyte depends on gametophyte for______________.
A) Water
B) Nutrition
C) Anchorage
D) All of these
Answer: D
Explanation: Sporophyte is completely dependent on gametophyte.
34. The first plants to colonize land were______________.
A) Algae
B) Bryophytes
C) Pteridophytes
D) Gymnosperms
Answer: B
Explanation: Bryophytes were the first land plants, though tied to water for reproduction.
35. Pteridophytes are also called______________.
A) Seed plants
B) Vascular cryptogams
C) Amphibians of plant kingdom
D) Flowering plants
Answer: B
Explanation: Pteridophytes have vascular tissues but reproduce by spores (no seeds).
36. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is______________.
A) Gametophyte
B) Sporophyte
C) Both equal
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: In pteridophytes, sporophyte is dominant, independent, and vascular.
37. Which of the following is a pteridophyte?
A) Riccia
B) Funaria
C) Selaginella
D) Cycas
Answer: C
Explanation: Selaginella, Lycopodium, Adiantum are pteridophytes.
38. Which of the following is known as “club moss”?
A) Lycopodium
B) Selaginella
C) Adiantum
D) Cycas
Answer: A
Explanation: Lycopodium is called club moss (though not a true moss).
39. Which pteridophyte is called “resurrection plant”?
A) Adiantum
B) Lycopodium
C) Selaginella
D) Funaria
Answer: C
Explanation: Selaginella (S. lepidophylla) curls up in dry conditions and revives with water.
40. Which pteridophyte is known as “maidenhair fern”?
A) Lycopodium
B) Adiantum
C) Selaginella
D) Marchantia
Answer: B
Explanation: Adiantum is called maidenhair fern, with delicate fronds.
41. Pteridophytes reproduce by______________.
A) Seeds
B) Spores
C) Fruits
D) Flowers
Answer: B
Explanation: Pteridophytes are spore-bearing plants (no seeds).
42. Homosporous plants produce______________.
A) Only one type of spore
B) Two types of spores
C) Seeds
D) Flowers
Answer: A
Explanation: Homospory = production of identical spores (e.g., Lycopodium).
43. Heterosporous pteridophytes produce______________.
A) One type of spore
B) Two types: microspores & megaspores
C) Seeds
D) Flowers
Answer: B
Explanation: Heterospory seen in Selaginella and Salvinia.
44. Which pteridophyte shows heterospory?
A) Lycopodium
B) Selaginella
C) Adiantum
D) Pteris
Answer: B
Explanation: Selaginella produces both microspores and megaspores.
45. Which pteridophyte is aquatic?
A) Selaginella
B) Salvinia
C) Adiantum
D) Lycopodium
Answer: B
Explanation: Salvinia is a floating aquatic fern.
46. The spore-bearing leaves in pteridophytes are called______________.
A) Microphylls
B) Sporophylls
C) Megaphylls
D) Fronds
Answer: B
Explanation: Sporophylls bear sporangia that produce spores.
47. Which structure in pteridophytes produces spores?
A) Sporophyll
B) Sporangium
C) Gametophyte
D) Archegonium
Answer: B
Explanation: Sporangia are organs that produce spores by meiosis.
48. The gametophyte of pteridophytes is called______________.
A) Sporophyte
B) Prothallus
C) Protonema
D) Archegonium
Answer: B
Explanation: Small, green, heart-shaped prothallus is gametophyte.
49. In pteridophytes, male sex organ is______________.
A) Archegonium
B) Antheridium
C) Spermatozoid
D) Gemma
Answer: B
Explanation: Antheridium produces biflagellate male gametes.
50. In pteridophytes, female sex organ is______________.
A) Archegonium
B) Antheridium
C) Ovary
D) Sporophyll
Answer: A
Explanation: Archegonium produces egg in gametophyte.
51. Gymnosperms are also called______________.
A) Naked-seeded plants
B) Hidden-seeded plants
C) Non-seeded plants
D) Flowering plants
Answer: A
Explanation: In gymnosperms, seeds are not enclosed in fruits (naked).
52. Angiosperms are also called______________.
A) Naked-seeded plants
B) Flowering plants
C) Amphibians of plant kingdom
D) Vascular cryptogams
Answer: B
Explanation: Angiosperms are the most advanced seed plants that produce flowers and fruits.
53. Xylem in gymnosperms lacks______________.
A) Tracheids
B) Vessels
C) Parenchyma
D) Fibres
Answer: B
Explanation: Gymnosperms have tracheids but lack vessels in xylem (except Gnetum).
54. The largest gymnosperm is______________.
A) Pinus
B) Sequoia (redwood)
C) Cycas
D) Gnetum
Answer: B
Explanation: Sequoia sempervirens is the tallest tree on Earth (~100 m).
55. The only gymnosperm with vessels in xylem is______________.
A) Pinus
B) Gnetum
C) Cycas
D) Sequoia
Answer: B
Explanation: Gnetum shows vessel elements like angiosperms.
56. Sago palm is______________.
A) Cycas
B) Pinus
C) Gnetum
D) Sequoia
Answer: A
Explanation: Cycas is incorrectly called sago palm (not a true palm).
57. Male sex organ in gymnosperms is______________.
A) Archegonium
B) Antheridium
C) Pollen grain (male gametophyte)
D) Anther
Answer: C
Explanation: Gymnosperms lack antheridia; male gametophyte is pollen.
58. Female sex organ in gymnosperms is______________.
A) Archegonium
B) Ovary
C) Antheridium
D) Carpel
Answer: A
Explanation: Archegonia are present in ovules of gymnosperms.
59. Gymnosperms show fertilization by______________.
A) Biflagellate sperms (in Cycas)
B) Pollen tube (in Pinus, Gnetum)
C) Both of the above
D) None
Answer: C
Explanation: Primitive gymnosperms (Cycas) → motile sperms; advanced → pollen tube.
60. Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms by______________.
A) Presence of ovary enclosing ovules
B) Presence of vessels in xylem
C) Double fertilization
D) All of these
Answer: D
Explanation: Angiosperms have ovary, vessels, and double fertilization.
61. Double fertilization is found in______________.
A) Algae
B) Bryophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
Answer: D
Explanation: Angiosperms show fusion of egg + sperm (zygote) and sperm + polar nuclei (endosperm).
62. Endosperm in angiosperms is______________.
A) Haploid
B) Diploid
C) Triploid
D) Tetraploid
Answer: C
Explanation: Secondary nucleus (2n) + sperm nucleus (n) → triploid endosperm.
63. Ovary in angiosperms develops into______________.
A) Seed
B) Fruit
C) Endosperm
D) Embryo
Answer: B
Explanation: Ovary wall ripens into fruit wall (pericarp).
64. Ovule after fertilization develops into______________.
A) Seed
B) Fruit
C) Embryo sac
D) Carpel
Answer: A
Explanation: Fertilized ovule develops into seed.
65. Which gymnosperm is called “living fossil”?
A) Cycas
B) Pinus
C) Gnetum
D) Sequoia
Answer: A
Explanation: Cycas resembles ancient pteridophyte-like plants → living fossil.
66. Which gymnosperm produces ephedrine (medicine for asthma)?
A) Pinus
B) Cycas
C) Ephedra
D) Gnetum
Answer: C
Explanation: Ephedra yields alkaloid ephedrine used in respiratory diseases.
67. Which gymnosperm is used for production of turpentine?
A) Pinus
B) Cycas
C) Sequoia
D) Ginkgo
Answer: A
Explanation: Pinus resin → turpentine oil and rosin.
68. Which gymnosperm is called “maidenhair tree”?
A) Cycas
B) Ginkgo biloba
C) Pinus
D) Sequoia
Answer: B
Explanation: Ginkgo is a living fossil, known as maidenhair tree.
69. The smallest angiosperm is______________.
A) Wolffia
B) Lemna
C) Utricularia
D) Hydrilla
Answer: A
Explanation: Wolffia is the tiniest angiosperm, size ~1 mm.
70. The largest angiosperm is______________.
A) Eucalyptus
B) Banyan
C) Sequoia
D) Pinus
Answer: A
Explanation: Eucalyptus trees can grow over 100 m tall.
71. Monocotyledonous plants have______________.
A) One cotyledon
B) Two cotyledons
C) Three cotyledons
D) No cotyledon
Answer: A
Explanation: Monocots (rice, maize, wheat) have one cotyledon.
72. Dicotyledonous plants have______________.
A) One cotyledon
B) Two cotyledons
C) Three cotyledons
D) No cotyledon
Answer: B
Explanation: Dicots (beans, peas, mustard) have two cotyledons.
73. Parallel venation is a feature of______________.
A) Dicots
B) Monocots
C) Gymnosperms
D) Bryophytes
Answer: B
Explanation: Leaves of monocots (e.g., grass) have parallel veins.
74. Reticulate venation is a feature of______________.
A) Dicots
B) Monocots
C) Gymnosperms
D) Algae
Answer: A
Explanation: Dicot leaves (e.g., peepal, mustard) have net-like venation.
75. Double fertilization was first discovered by______________.
A) William Harvey
B) Nawaschin
C) Mendel
D) Robert Hooke
Answer: B
Explanation: Sergei Nawaschin (1898) discovered double fertilization in angiosperms.
76. Alternation of generations means______________.
A) Alternating root and shoot growth
B) Alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte
C) Alternation between algae and fungi
D) Alternation between autotrophy and heterotrophy
Answer: B
Explanation: Plants exhibit alternation of generations between haploid and diploid phases.
77. The haploid phase in plants is______________.
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Zygote
D) Seed
Answer: B
Explanation: Gametophyte is haploid, produces gametes.
78. The diploid phase in plants is______________.
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Spore
D) Egg
Answer: A
Explanation: Sporophyte is diploid, produces spores by meiosis.
79. In bryophytes, which generation is dominant?
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Both equal
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: Bryophytes have dominant gametophyte, sporophyte is dependent.
80. In pteridophytes, which generation is dominant?
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Both equal
D) None
Answer: A
Explanation: Pteridophytes have dominant, independent sporophyte.
81. In gymnosperms, which generation is dominant?
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Both equal
D) None
Answer: A
Explanation: Gymnosperms have dominant sporophyte; gametophyte is reduced.
82. In angiosperms, which generation is dominant?
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Both equal
D) None
Answer: A
Explanation: Angiosperms also have dominant sporophyte; gametophyte is microscopic.
83. Haplontic life cycle is seen in______________.
A) Fucus
B) Spirogyra
C) Angiosperms
D) Gymnosperms
Answer: B
Explanation: Haplontic = gametophyte dominant, sporophyte only zygote stage.
84. Diplontic life cycle is seen in_____________.
A) Spirogyra
B) Angiosperms
C) Ulothrix
D) Fucus
Answer: B
Explanation: Diplontic = sporophyte dominant, gametophyte highly reduced.
85. Haplo-diplontic life cycle is seen in_____________.
A) Ulva
B) Fucus
C) Angiosperms
D) Cycas
Answer: A
Explanation: Haplo-diplontic = both sporophyte & gametophyte multicellular (Ulva, Ectocarpus).
86. Fucus shows which type of life cycle?
A) Haplontic
B) Diplontic
C) Haplo-diplontic
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: In Fucus, diploid phase is dominant, gametes are the only haploid stage.
87. Which plant group first showed alternation of generations?
A) Algae
B) Bryophytes
C) Pteridophytes
D) Angiosperms
Answer: A
Explanation: Alternation of generations first appeared in algae.
88. In which plants does double fertilization occur?
A) Algae
B) Bryophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
Answer: D
Explanation: Unique feature of angiosperms = double fertilization.
89. The first vascular plants are_____________.
A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
Answer: B
Explanation: Pteridophytes are first plants to develop xylem & phloem.
90. The first seed-bearing plants are_____________.
A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
Answer: C
Explanation: Gymnosperms are the first seed-producing plants.
91. The most advanced plants are_____________.
A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
Answer: D
Explanation: Angiosperms are most advanced with flowers, fruits, double fertilization.
92. The largest group of plants in Plant Kingdom is_____________.
A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
Answer: D
Explanation: Angiosperms form the largest group of plants on Earth.
93. The smallest group of plants in Plant Kingdom is_____________.
A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
Answer: C
Explanation: Gymnosperms are least diverse, smallest group.
94. The seed habit first appeared in______________.
A) Pteridophytes
B) Gymnosperms
C) Angiosperms
D) Bryophytes
Answer: B
Explanation: Gymnosperms introduced seed habit, though without fruit.
95. Pollination in gymnosperms is usually by______________.
A) Insects
B) Water
C) Wind
D) Animals
Answer: C
Explanation: Gymnosperms are wind-pollinated (anemophilous).
96. Pollination in most angiosperms is______________.
A) Only by wind
B) By insects, wind, water, animals (varied agents)
C) Only by water
D) Only self-pollination
Answer: B
Explanation: Angiosperms show wide diversity of pollination agents.
97. Bryophytes and pteridophytes both require water for______________.
A) Photosynthesis
B) Fertilization (sperm transfer)
C) Seed germination
D) Nutrient absorption
Answer: B
Explanation: Male gametes are motile, need water to reach archegonium.
98. Which plant is called “living fossil”?
A) Pinus
B) Cycas
C) Ginkgo
D) Both b & c
Answer: D
Explanation: Cycas and Ginkgo are considered living fossils.
99. Economic importance of algae includes______________.
A) Food (Porphyra, Ulva)
B) Hydrocolloids (agar, carrageen, algin)
C) Biofertilizers (Anabaena, Nostoc)
D) All of these
Answer: D
Explanation: Algae are useful in food, industry, and biofertilizers.
100. Which feature is common to bryophytes and pteridophytes?
A) Presence of vascular tissues
B) Seed formation
C) Dependence on water for fertilization
D) Presence of flowers
Answer: C
Explanation: Both bryophytes and pteridophytes require water for sperm motility.