1. The plant kingdom is classified mainly on the basis of:
a) Mode of nutrition
b) Morphology and reproduction
c) Habitat
d) Cell structure
Answer: b) Morphology and reproduction
Explanation: The structure of body and reproductive methods form the basis of classification.
2. The father of taxonomy is:
a) Darwin
b) Carolus Linnaeus
c) Aristotle
d) Whittaker
Answer: b) Carolus Linnaeus
Explanation: Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature and plant classification.
3. Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification placed plants under:
a) Protista
b) Monera
c) Plantae
d) Fungi
Answer: c) Plantae
Explanation: All multicellular, photosynthetic organisms were placed in Kingdom Plantae.
4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the plant kingdom?
a) Cell wall of cellulose
b) Chlorophyll for photosynthesis
c) Multicellular body organization
d) Holozoic mode of nutrition
Answer: d) Holozoic mode of nutrition
Explanation: Plants are autotrophic, not holozoic (animal-like feeding).
5. Plant kingdom is divided into:
a) Algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
b) Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
c) Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
d) None
Answer: b) Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Explanation: This is the widely accepted plant kingdom classification.
6. Algae are primarily:
a) Autotrophic, thalloid, aquatic
b) Saprophytic and terrestrial
c) Heterotrophic
d) Parasitic only
Answer: a) Autotrophic, thalloid, aquatic
Explanation: Algae are simple thalloid plants mostly in water.
7. Which of the following is NOT an alga?
a) Spirogyra
b) Ulothrix
c) Funaria
d) Chlamydomonas
Answer: c) Funaria
Explanation: Funaria is a bryophyte (moss), not an alga.
8. The stored food in red algae is:
a) Starch
b) Floridean starch
c) Glycogen
d) Oil
Answer: b) Floridean starch
Explanation: Red algae store food as floridean starch.
9. Brown algae store food as:
a) Starch
b) Laminarin and mannitol
c) Floridean starch
d) Glycogen
Answer: b) Laminarin and mannitol
Explanation: Brown algae store food in these forms.
10. Green algae store food as:
a) Laminarin
b) Floridean starch
c) Starch
d) Glycogen
Answer: c) Starch
Explanation: Green algae store food in the form of starch.
11. Which pigment is dominant in green algae?
a) Chlorophyll a and c
b) Chlorophyll a and b
c) Phycoerythrin
d) Fucoxanthin
Answer: b) Chlorophyll a and b
Explanation: Green algae have chlorophyll a and b, like higher plants.
12. Which pigment gives red algae its characteristic color?
a) Fucoxanthin
b) Chlorophyll b
c) Phycoerythrin
d) Phycocyanin
Answer: c) Phycoerythrin
Explanation: Red algae have phycoerythrin, which reflects red light.
13. Which pigment gives brown algae its brown color?
a) Chlorophyll a
b) Phycocyanin
c) Fucoxanthin
d) Carotene
Answer: c) Fucoxanthin
Explanation: Brown algae contain fucoxanthin pigment.
14. Example of unicellular algae is:
a) Ulothrix
b) Chlamydomonas
c) Spirogyra
d) Sargassum
Answer: b) Chlamydomonas
Explanation: Chlamydomonas is a unicellular green alga.
15. Example of filamentous algae is:
a) Chlamydomonas
b) Spirogyra
c) Fucus
d) Polysiphonia
Answer: b) Spirogyra
Explanation: Spirogyra has long filamentous structure.
16. Kelps (giant algae) belong to:
a) Red algae
b) Brown algae
c) Green algae
d) Blue-green algae
Answer: b) Brown algae
Explanation: Kelps (Macrocystis) are large brown algae.
17. Agar is obtained from:
a) Green algae
b) Brown algae
c) Red algae
d) Cyanobacteria
Answer: c) Red algae
Explanation: Agar is extracted from Gelidium and Gracilaria (red algae).
18. Algin is obtained from:
a) Red algae
b) Brown algae
c) Green algae
d) Fungi
Answer: b) Brown algae
Explanation: Algin is extracted from brown algae like Laminaria.
19. Carrageenan is obtained from:
a) Red algae
b) Brown algae
c) Green algae
d) Bryophytes
Answer: a) Red algae
Explanation: Carrageenan is a commercial product of red algae.
20. An example of colonial green alga is:
a) Spirogyra
b) Ulothrix
c) Volvox
d) Chlamydomonas
Answer: c) Volvox
Explanation: Volvox forms spherical colonies.
21. Which algae are mainly marine?
a) Green algae
b) Red algae
c) Brown algae
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c
Explanation: Red and brown algae are mostly marine.
22. Which algae are mainly freshwater?
a) Green algae
b) Red algae
c) Brown algae
d) None
Answer: a) Green algae
Explanation: Green algae are abundant in freshwater habitats.
23. The sex organs of algae are:
a) Unicellular and non-jacketed
b) Multicellular and jacketed
c) Absent
d) Like higher plants
Answer: a) Unicellular and non-jacketed
Explanation: Algal sex organs are simple, unlike higher plants.
24. Which group of algae is considered closest to land plants?
a) Red algae
b) Brown algae
c) Green algae
d) Cyanobacteria
Answer: c) Green algae
Explanation: Green algae share pigments and food storage with land plants.
25. Which algae show alternation of generations?
a) Spirogyra
b) Polysiphonia
c) Chlamydomonas
d) All of these
Answer: b) Polysiphonia
Explanation: Polysiphonia (red algae) exhibits alternation of generations.
26. Bryophytes are commonly known as:
a) Amphibians of plant kingdom
b) Primitive vascular plants
c) Lower algae
d) Seed plants
Answer: a) Amphibians of plant kingdom
Explanation: They require water for fertilization and live in moist habitats.
27. The dominant phase in bryophytes is:
a) Sporophyte
b) Gametophyte
c) Both equal
d) None
Answer: b) Gametophyte
Explanation: Bryophytes are gametophyte-dominant plants.
28. The plant body of bryophytes is:
a) Root–stem–leaf differentiated
b) Thalloid or leafy
c) Woody
d) Seed-bearing
Answer: b) Thalloid or leafy
Explanation: Bryophytes lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
29. True vascular tissues are absent in:
a) Bryophytes
b) Pteridophytes
c) Gymnosperms
d) Angiosperms
Answer: a) Bryophytes
Explanation: Bryophytes have no xylem or phloem.
30. Bryophytes reproduce by:
a) Spores
b) Seeds
c) Cones
d) Flowers
Answer: a) Spores
Explanation: Spores are produced in sporangia of sporophytes.
31. The male sex organ in bryophytes is:
a) Archegonium
b) Antheridium
c) Sporangium
d) Capsule
Answer: b) Antheridium
Explanation: Antheridium produces motile male gametes (antherozoids).
32. The female sex organ in bryophytes is:
a) Antheridium
b) Archegonium
c) Capsule
d) Protonema
Answer: b) Archegonium
Explanation: Archegonium produces eggs.
33. Fertilization in bryophytes requires:
a) Insects
b) Wind
c) Water
d) None
Answer: c) Water
Explanation: Male gametes swim in water to reach female gametes.
34. Sporophyte in bryophytes is:
a) Independent
b) Dependent on gametophyte
c) Larger than gametophyte
d) Free-living
Answer: b) Dependent on gametophyte
Explanation: Sporophyte depends on gametophyte for nutrition.
35. Which of the following is a liverwort?
a) Funaria
b) Marchantia
c) Anthoceros
d) Sphagnum
Answer: b) Marchantia
Explanation: Marchantia is a typical liverwort.
36. The plant body of Marchantia is:
a) Filamentous
b) Thalloid, dorsiventral
c) Leafy
d) Woody
Answer: b) Thalloid, dorsiventral
Explanation: Marchantia has a flat, lobed, thalloid body.
37. Marchantia reproduces asexually by:
a) Spores only
b) Gemmae
c) Conjugation
d) Seeds
Answer: b) Gemmae
Explanation: Gemma cups in Marchantia produce gemmae for vegetative reproduction.
38. The sporophyte of Marchantia is:
a) Independent
b) Dependent, with foot, seta, capsule
c) Free-living
d) None
Answer: b) Dependent, with foot, seta, capsule
Explanation: Marchantia sporophyte has these three parts.
39. Which of the following is a moss?
a) Funaria
b) Riccia
c) Marchantia
d) Anthoceros
Answer: a) Funaria
Explanation: Funaria is a common moss.
40. The first stage in moss gametophyte is:
a) Archegonium
b) Protonema
c) Capsule
d) Leafy stage
Answer: b) Protonema
Explanation: Protonema is the juvenile filamentous stage in mosses.
41. The leafy stage in moss develops from:
a) Protonema
b) Capsule
c) Archegonium
d) Antheridium
Answer: a) Protonema
Explanation: Protonema gives rise to the leafy gametophyte.
42. The sporophyte of Funaria is:
a) Independent
b) Semi-parasitic on gametophyte
c) Free-living
d) Thalloid
Answer: b) Semi-parasitic on gametophyte
Explanation: Funaria sporophyte depends on gametophyte for nourishment.
43. The sporophyte of moss consists of:
a) Only capsule
b) Foot, seta, capsule
c) Only protonema
d) Archegonium
Answer: b) Foot, seta, capsule
Explanation: Moss sporophyte has three parts.
44. Which of the following is a hornwort?
a) Funaria
b) Marchantia
c) Anthoceros
d) Riccia
Answer: c) Anthoceros
Explanation: Anthoceros is a hornwort, with elongated sporophyte resembling a horn.
45. Anthoceros sporophyte is different because:
a) It is independent and photosynthetic
b) It is non-photosynthetic
c) It is free-living like algae
d) None
Answer: a) It is independent and photosynthetic
Explanation: Anthoceros sporophyte can photosynthesize and live longer.
46. Bryophytes are important ecologically because:
a) They form dense mats of vegetation
b) They help in soil formation
c) They retain water in habitats
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Bryophytes help conserve moisture, form soil, and provide habitat.
47. Which bryophyte is used as packing material due to water retention?
a) Marchantia
b) Riccia
c) Sphagnum
d) Anthoceros
Answer: c) Sphagnum
Explanation: Sphagnum moss holds water and is used in horticulture.
48. Bryophytes are restricted to moist places because:
a) They have no vascular tissue
b) Fertilization requires water
c) Gametophytes dry out easily
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Moisture is essential for their survival and reproduction.
49. Which is considered the most advanced group among bryophytes?
a) Liverworts
b) Hornworts
c) Mosses
d) Riccia
Answer: c) Mosses
Explanation: Mosses show more differentiation and dominance in gametophyte.
50. Bryophytes reproduce sexually by:
a) Syngamy of motile male gametes with egg in archegonium
b) External fertilization like algae
c) Pollination
d) Conjugation
Answer: a) Syngamy of motile male gametes with egg in archegonium
Explanation: Male gametes swim in water to fertilize egg inside archegonium.
51. Pteridophytes are the first plants to have:
a) Seeds
b) Vascular tissues (xylem & phloem)
c) Flowers
d) Fruits
Answer: b) Vascular tissues (xylem & phloem)
Explanation: Pteridophytes are the earliest vascular land plants.
52. The dominant phase in pteridophytes is:
a) Sporophyte
b) Gametophyte
c) Protonema
d) None
Answer: a) Sporophyte
Explanation: Unlike bryophytes, the sporophyte is independent and dominant.
53. The plant body of pteridophytes is differentiated into:
a) Only thallus
b) Root, stem, and leaf
c) Capsule and protonema
d) None
Answer: b) Root, stem, and leaf
Explanation: They show true organ differentiation.
54. Example of a pteridophyte is:
a) Marchantia
b) Funaria
c) Selaginella
d) Cycas
Answer: c) Selaginella
Explanation: Selaginella is a pteridophyte.
55. Pteridophytes reproduce by:
a) Seeds
b) Spores
c) Flowers
d) Fruits
Answer: b) Spores
Explanation: They are seedless vascular plants, reproducing via spores.
56. In pteridophytes, gametophyte is:
a) Dependent on sporophyte
b) Independent but small
c) Dominant
d) Absent
Answer: b) Independent but small
Explanation: Gametophytes (prothalli) are independent but short-lived.
57. Which pteridophyte shows heterospory?
a) Selaginella and Salvinia
b) Funaria and Marchantia
c) Riccia and Anthoceros
d) Moss and liverwort
Answer: a) Selaginella and Salvinia
Explanation: They produce microspores and megaspores (precursor to seed habit).
58. The term “living fossil” is applied to:
a) Selaginella
b) Psilotum
c) Cycas
d) Funaria
Answer: c) Cycas
Explanation: Cycas is called a living fossil among gymnosperms.
59. Gymnosperms are:
a) Seedless vascular plants
b) Non-vascular plants
c) Naked seed plants
d) Enclosed seed plants
Answer: c) Naked seed plants
Explanation: Gymnosperms bear naked seeds not enclosed by fruit.
60. Ovules of gymnosperms are:
a) Naked, not enclosed in ovary
b) Enclosed in fruit
c) Enclosed in flowers
d) Enclosed in sporangia
Answer: a) Naked, not enclosed in ovary
Explanation: Distinguishing feature of gymnosperms.
61. Examples of gymnosperms are:
a) Pinus, Cycas, Ephedra
b) Selaginella, Salvinia, Fern
c) Funaria, Riccia, Marchantia
d) Mango, wheat, rice
Answer: a) Pinus, Cycas, Ephedra
Explanation: These are typical gymnosperms.
62. The dominant phase in gymnosperms is:
a) Gametophyte
b) Sporophyte
c) Both equal
d) None
Answer: b) Sporophyte
Explanation: Like pteridophytes, gymnosperms have sporophyte dominance.
63. Gymnosperms are mainly pollinated by:
a) Insects
b) Birds
c) Wind
d) Water
Answer: c) Wind
Explanation: They are anemophilous (wind-pollinated).
64. Fertilization in gymnosperms occurs by:
a) Motile sperm swimming in water
b) Pollen tube delivering male gametes
c) External fertilization
d) Insects
Answer: b) Pollen tube delivering male gametes
Explanation: Gymnosperms have siphonogamous fertilization.
65. In Cycas, the male gametes are:
a) Non-motile
b) Motile and ciliated
c) Carried by insects
d) Produced in archegonia
Answer: b) Motile and ciliated
Explanation: Cycas has the largest motile sperms among plants.
66. In Pinus, the male gametes are:
a) Non-motile
b) Motile
c) Water-dependent
d) Algal type
Answer: a) Non-motile
Explanation: Pinus gametes are carried via pollen tube (non-motile).
67. Double fertilization is absent in:
a) Angiosperms
b) Gymnosperms
c) All seed plants
d) Pteridophytes
Answer: b) Gymnosperms
Explanation: Only angiosperms show double fertilization.
68. The endosperm in gymnosperms is:
a) Haploid
b) Diploid
c) Triploid
d) None
Answer: a) Haploid
Explanation: Gymnosperm endosperm is haploid, from female gametophyte.
69. The endosperm in angiosperms is:
a) Haploid
b) Diploid
c) Triploid
d) Tetraploid
Answer: c) Triploid
Explanation: Formed by double fertilization (fusion of male gamete with 2 polar nuclei).
70. Gymnosperms are mainly:
a) Annual herbs
b) Perennial woody trees or shrubs
c) Ephemeral herbs
d) Aquatic herbs
Answer: b) Perennial woody trees or shrubs
Explanation: Most gymnosperms are large trees like pine, deodar.
71. Which gymnosperm resembles dicotyledonous plants in anatomy?
a) Cycas
b) Pinus
c) Ephedra
d) Ginkgo
Answer: c) Ephedra
Explanation: Ephedra shows features similar to dicotyledons.
72. The tallest gymnosperm is:
a) Cycas
b) Pinus
c) Sequoia (redwood)
d) Ephedra
Answer: c) Sequoia (redwood)
Explanation: Sequoia is the tallest gymnosperm tree.
73. Evolutionarily, pteridophytes are intermediate between:
a) Algae and bryophytes
b) Bryophytes and seed plants
c) Gymnosperms and angiosperms
d) None
Answer: b) Bryophytes and seed plants
Explanation: They bridge the gap between non-vascular bryophytes and seed plants.
74. Evolutionary significance of heterospory is:
a) Development of roots
b) Evolution of seed habit
c) Development of flowers
d) Evolution of alternation of generations
Answer: b) Evolution of seed habit
Explanation: Heterospory (two types of spores) led to seed habit in higher plants.
75. The gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba is called:
a) Cycadophyta
b) Living fossil
c) Modern fern
d) Cone-bearing angiosperm
Answer: b) Living fossil
Explanation: Ginkgo is the only living species of its group, hence a living fossil.
76. Angiosperms are also known as:
a) Naked seed plants
b) Enclosed seed plants
c) Seedless vascular plants
d) Non-vascular plants
Answer: b) Enclosed seed plants
Explanation: Angiosperms have ovules enclosed within the ovary, which develops into fruit.
77. The dominant phase in angiosperms is:
a) Gametophyte
b) Sporophyte
c) Both equal
d) Haploid phase
Answer: b) Sporophyte
Explanation: Sporophyte is large, independent, and dominant in angiosperms.
78. Double fertilization is a characteristic feature of:
a) Gymnosperms
b) Pteridophytes
c) Angiosperms
d) Bryophytes
Answer: c) Angiosperms
Explanation: Double fertilization (syngamy + triple fusion) occurs only in angiosperms.
79. The product of triple fusion in angiosperms is:
a) Zygote
b) Haploid endosperm
c) Triploid endosperm
d) Diploid sporophyte
Answer: c) Triploid endosperm
Explanation: Fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei forms triploid endosperm.
80. The male gametophyte of angiosperms is:
a) Anther
b) Pollen grain
c) Stamen
d) Ovule
Answer: b) Pollen grain
Explanation: The pollen grain represents the male gametophyte.
81. The female gametophyte of angiosperms is:
a) Ovary
b) Ovule
c) Embryo sac
d) Nucellus
Answer: c) Embryo sac
Explanation: The embryo sac is the female gametophyte inside ovule.
82. The embryo sac of angiosperms usually contains:
a) 7 cells, 8 nuclei
b) 8 cells, 8 nuclei
c) 6 cells, 7 nuclei
d) 5 cells, 6 nuclei
Answer: a) 7 cells, 8 nuclei
Explanation: 1 egg, 2 synergids, 3 antipodals, 1 central cell (2 nuclei).
83. In angiosperms, the endosperm is:
a) Haploid
b) Diploid
c) Triploid
d) Tetraploid
Answer: c) Triploid
Explanation: Due to fusion of 2 polar nuclei and 1 male gamete.
84. Angiosperms are divided into:
a) Gymnosperms and dicots
b) Dicots and monocots
c) Algae and mosses
d) Herbs and shrubs
Answer: b) Dicots and monocots
Explanation: Based on the number of cotyledons in seeds.
85. Monocots differ from dicots by having:
a) Parallel venation, fibrous roots
b) Reticulate venation, tap root
c) Secondary growth in stem
d) Large cotyledons
Answer: a) Parallel venation, fibrous roots
Explanation: These are typical monocot features.
86. Dicots usually have:
a) Parallel venation
b) Reticulate venation and tap root
c) Fibrous root system
d) None
Answer: b) Reticulate venation and tap root
Explanation: Dicots have network-like venation and tap root system.
87. Example of monocot is:
a) Pea
b) Wheat
c) Mango
d) Mustard
Answer: b) Wheat
Explanation: Wheat, rice, maize are monocots.
88. Example of dicot is:
a) Rice
b) Maize
c) Mustard
d) Sugarcane
Answer: c) Mustard
Explanation: Mustard and pea are dicots.
89. Vessels in xylem are absent in:
a) Gymnosperms
b) Angiosperms
c) Pteridophytes
d) Bryophytes
Answer: a) Gymnosperms
Explanation: Vessels evolved in angiosperms, gymnosperms have only tracheids.
90. Fruits are characteristic of:
a) Gymnosperms
b) Angiosperms
c) Pteridophytes
d) Bryophytes
Answer: b) Angiosperms
Explanation: Fruits develop from fertilized ovary in angiosperms.
91. Smallest angiosperm is:
a) Wolffia
b) Lemna
c) Utricularia
d) Azolla
Answer: a) Wolffia
Explanation: Wolffia is the world’s smallest flowering plant.
92. Largest angiosperm tree is:
a) Eucalyptus
b) Banyan
c) Sequoia
d) Oak
Answer: a) Eucalyptus
Explanation: Eucalyptus regnans is the tallest angiosperm tree.
93. The pollination in grasses is mainly by:
a) Insects
b) Wind
c) Water
d) Birds
Answer: b) Wind
Explanation: Grasses are anemophilous.
94. The largest family of angiosperms is:
a) Orchidaceae
b) Poaceae
c) Fabaceae
d) Asteraceae
Answer: a) Orchidaceae
Explanation: Orchids form the largest family with 30,000+ species.
95. The second largest family of angiosperms is:
a) Orchidaceae
b) Asteraceae (Compositae)
c) Fabaceae
d) Poaceae
Answer: b) Asteraceae (Compositae)
Explanation: Asteraceae includes sunflower, daisy, etc.
96. The family Fabaceae is economically important for:
a) Fruits only
b) Pulses, oil, nitrogen fixation
c) Only wood
d) Flowers only
Answer: b) Pulses, oil, nitrogen fixation
Explanation: Legumes (Fabaceae) fix nitrogen and provide food.
97. Pollination by insects is called:
a) Anemophily
b) Entomophily
c) Hydrophily
d) Zoophily
Answer: b) Entomophily
Explanation: Insect-pollinated flowers are entomophilous.
98. Pollination by birds is called:
a) Entomophily
b) Anemophily
c) Ornithophily
d) Chiropterophily
Answer: c) Ornithophily
Explanation: Bird-pollinated flowers are ornithophilous.
99. Pollination by bats is called:
a) Entomophily
b) Anemophily
c) Chiropterophily
d) Malacophily
Answer: c) Chiropterophily
Explanation: Bat-pollinated flowers are chiropterophilous.
100. The most advanced group in plant kingdom is:
a) Algae
b) Bryophytes
c) Gymnosperms
d) Angiosperms
Answer: d) Angiosperms
Explanation: Angiosperms show highest evolution – flowers, fruits, double fertilization.