1. The main function of roots is __________.
A) Photosynthesis
B) Absorption of water and minerals
C) Transpiration
D) Food conduction
Answer: B
Explanation: Roots primarily absorb water and minerals and anchor the plant.
2. Pneumatophores are found in__________.
A) Banyan tree
B) Sugarcane
C) Mangroves
D) Cactus
Answer: C
Explanation: Pneumatophores are specialized aerial roots for respiration in swampy areas.
3. Adventitious roots arise from__________.
A) Radicle
B) Any plant organ other than radicle
C) Plumule
D) Cotyledon
Answer: B
Explanation: Adventitious roots emerge from stem, leaf or other parts.
4. The stem modification in potato is__________.
A) Tuber
B) Rhizome
C) Corm
D) Bulb
Answer: A
Explanation: Potato stores food in an underground stem tuber with nodes and buds (eyes).
5. Ginger is a__________.
A) Root
B) Rhizome
C) Bulb
D) Corm
Answer: B
Explanation: Ginger is an underground horizontal stem called rhizome.
6. Phylloclade is__________.
A) Stem modified into leaf-like structure
B) Leaf modified into stem
C) Storage root
D) Reproductive organ
Answer: A
Explanation: In xerophytes (Opuntia), stems become flattened and photosynthetic.
7. Cactus spine is a modification of__________.
A) Stem
B) Leaf
C) Root
D) Flower
Answer: B
Explanation: Spines reduce water loss; they are modified leaves.
8. Example of phyllode is__________.
A) Opuntia
B) Acacia
C) Euphorbia
D) Aloe
Answer: B
Explanation: In Acacia, petiole becomes flattened and photosynthetic (phyllode).
9. Compound leaf is present in__________.
A) Mango
B) Neem
C) Banyan
D) Peepal
Answer: B
Explanation: Neem has pinnately compound leaves.
10. Pulvinus is characteristic of__________.
A) Leguminous plants
B) Monocots
C) Aquatic plants
D) Parasites
Answer: A
Explanation: Swollen leaf base (pulvinus) helps in nyctinastic movements.
11. Reticulate venation is found in__________.
A) Wheat
B) Maize
C) Mango
D) Sugarcane
Answer: C
Explanation: Dicots show reticulate venation.
12. Parallel venation occurs in__________.
A) Peepal
B) Neem
C) Maize
D) Mustard
Answer: C
Explanation: Monocots show parallel venation.
13. Stilt roots occur in__________.
A) Maize
B) Wheat
C) Mustard
D) Rice
Answer: A
Explanation: Stilt roots provide support in maize and sugarcane.
14. Haustorial roots are found in__________.
A) Cuscuta
B) Carrot
C) Onion
D) Maize
Answer: A
Explanation: Parasitic plants develop haustoria to absorb food from hosts.
15. Which stem modification helps in vegetative propagation?
A) Tuber
B) Rhizome
C) Bulb
D) All of these
Answer: D
Explanation: Tuber, rhizome, bulb, corm can propagate vegetatively.
16. The petiole-like structure performing leaf function is__________.
A) Phyllode
B) Cladode
C) Stipule
D) Spine
Answer: A
Explanation: A phyllode is a modified petiole (leaf stalk) that becomes flattened and green to carry out photosynthesis, often because the true leaves of the plant are reduced or fall off early to conserve water.
17. Whorled phyllotaxy is seen in__________.
A) China rose
B) Alstonia
C) Sunflower
D) Mustard
Answer: B
Explanation: Alstonia shows whorled arrangement of leaves.
18. In pinnately compound leaf, leaflets arise from__________.
A) Tip
B) Petiole
C) Rachis
D) Midrib
Answer: C
Explanation: The rachis represents the midrib of the leaf.
19. Example of storage tap root is__________.
A) Maize
B) Carrot
C) Wheat
D) Rice
Answer: B
Explanation: In these plants, the primary tap root becomes fleshy and swollen because it stores food (mostly carbohydrates) to help the plant survive through dormant periods or to provide energy for flowering.
20. Bulb is a modification of__________.
A) Stem
B) Root
C) Leaf
D) Inflorescence
Answer: A
Explanation: Onion bulb is a stem modification with fleshy leaves.
21. Corm is seen in__________.
A) Potato
B) Ginger
C) Colocasia
D) Opuntia
Answer: C
Explanation: A corm is a specialized underground stem modification. It is a short, vertical, and swollen fleshy structure that serves as a storage organ for nutrients.
22. Phyllotaxy in sunflower is__________.
A) Alternate
B) Opposite
C) Whorled
D) Spiral
Answer: D
Explanation: This pattern ensures that each leaf receives a maximum amount of sunlight for photosynthesis.
23. Which one is a stem modification for climbing?
A) Tendril
B) Thorn
C) Spine
D) Stilt root
Answer: A
Explanation: In many weak-stemmed plants, the stem (specifically the axillary or terminal buds) modifies into a slender, spirally coiled, and sensitive structure known as a tendril. These tendrils help the plant climb by coiling around nearby supports upon contact.
24. Leaflets in palmately compound leaves arise from__________.
A) Rachis
B) Tip
C) Common point at petiole
D) Node
Answer: C
Explanation: In a palmately compound leaf, the lamina (leaf blade) is completely divided into multiple leaflets. These leaflets are all attached at a single, common point at the tip (distal end) of the petiole, resembling the fingers of a hand radiating from the palm.
25. Example of succulent stem is__________.
A) Aloe
B) Opuntia
C) Euphorbia
D) All of these
Answer: D
Explanation: While these plants all store water, they represent different types of succulence. In a broad botanical sense, “succulent stem” refers to any plant where the stem is modified into a fleshy, water-storing organ.
26. The main axis of racemose inflorescence is__________.
A) Definite growth
B) Indefinite growth
C) Flattened
D) Modified into spikelet
Answer: B
Explanation: In racemose type, the main axis grows continuously, producing flowers laterally.
27. The main axis of cymose inflorescence is__________.
A) Indefinite growth
B) Definite growth
C) Spiral growth
D) Axillary growth
Answer: B
Explanation: Cymose inflorescence has limited growth; terminal flower develops first.
28. Hypanthodium inflorescence is found in__________.
A) Sunflower
B) Fig (Ficus)
C) Pea
D) Mustard
Answer: B
Explanation: Hypanthodium is a special inflorescence seen in fig and banyan.
29. Capitulum (head) inflorescence is seen in__________.
A) Sunflower
B) Mustard
C) Pea
D) Lily
Answer: A
Explanation: Sunflower shows a compact head (capitulum) inflorescence.
30. Which inflorescence is characteristic of family Fabaceae?
A) Raceme
B) Spike
C) Cymose cluster
D) Panicle
Answer: A
Explanation: Fabaceae commonly shows racemose inflorescence.
31. A sessile flower borne on elongated axis without pedicel is called__________.
A) Raceme
B) Panicle
C) Spike
D) Umbel
Answer: C
Explanation: Spike has sessile flowers on elongated axis (e.g., wheat).
32. Compound umbel inflorescence is found in__________.
A) Coriander
B) Sunflower
C) Mustard
D) Pea
Answer: A
Explanation: Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) has compound umbel.
33. In racemose inflorescence, the oldest flower is__________.
A) At base
B) At tip
C) At sides
D) At nodes
Answer: A
Explanation: Flowers open in acropetal succession.
34. In cymose inflorescence, the oldest flower is__________.
A) At base
B) At tip
C) At node
D) At axis
Answer: B
Explanation: Flowers open in basipetal succession.
35. A bisexual flower is__________.
A) Staminate
B) Pistillate
C) Hermaphrodite
D) Neutral
Answer: C
Explanation: A flower having both androecium and gynoecium is bisexual.
36. The mode of arrangement of floral whorls is called__________.
A) Phyllotaxy
B) Aestivation
C) Placentation
D) Inflorescence
Answer: B
Explanation: Aestivation refers to arrangement of sepals/petals in bud condition.
37. Valvate aestivation occurs in__________.
A) Mustard
B) China rose
C) Pea
D) Cotton
Answer: A
Explanation: In valvate aestivation, petals/sepal margins just touch, not overlapping.
38. Twisted (contorted) aestivation is found in__________.
A) Mustard
B) Pea
C) China rose
D) Gulmohar
Answer: C
Explanation: In twisted aestivation, each petal overlaps the next regularly.
39. Imbricate aestivation is seen in__________.
A) Pea
B) Mustard
C) Gulmohar
D) China rose
Answer: C
Explanation: In imbricate aestivation, petals are irregularly overlapping.
40. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of__________.
A) Fabaceae (pea family)
B) Brassicaceae
C) Malvaceae
D) Liliaceae
Answer: A
Explanation: Standard, wings, and keel petals show vexillary aestivation.
41. Actinomorphic flower shows__________.
A) Radial symmetry
B) Bilateral symmetry
C) No symmetry
D) Spiral symmetry
Answer: A
Explanation: Actinomorphic flowers can be divided into equal halves by any radial plane.
42. Zygomorphic flower shows__________.
A) Radial symmetry
B) Bilateral symmetry
C) Asymmetry
D) Spiral symmetry
Answer: B
Explanation: Zygomorphic flowers can be divided into two equal halves only in one plane.
43. Epigynous flower has ovary__________.
A) Superior
B) Inferior
C) Half-inferior
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: In epigynous flowers, ovary is inferior (e.g., guava, cucumber).
44. Hypogynous flower has ovary__________.
A) Inferior
B) Superior
C) Half-inferior
D) Embedded
Answer: B
Explanation: In hypogynous flowers (e.g., mustard, brinjal), ovary is superior.
45. Perigynous condition is seen in__________.
A) Mustard
B) Peach
C) Guava
D) Cucumber
Answer: B
Explanation: In perigynous flowers, ovary is half-inferior.
46. Unisexual flowers contain__________.
A) Only stamens or only carpels
B) Both stamens and carpels
C) Only sepals
D) None of these
Answer: A
Explanation: Male and female reproductive structures are separate.
47. The non-essential whorls of flower are__________.
A) Calyx and corolla
B) Androecium and gynoecium
C) Petal and carpel
D) Sepal and carpel
Answer: A
Explanation: Essential whorls = androecium & gynoecium; non-essential = calyx & corolla.
48. When stamens are attached to petals, the condition is__________.
A) Epipetalous
B) Epiphyllous
C) Gynandrous
D) Polyandrous
Answer: A
Explanation: In epipetalous condition, stamens fuse with petals (e.g., brinjal).
49. When stamens are attached to perianth, the condition is__________.
A) Epiphyllous
B) Epipetalous
C) Gynandrous
D) Adelphous
Answer: A
Explanation: Seen in lily family; stamens arise from perianth.
50. Stamens fused with carpels is called__________.
A) Epipetalous
B) Epiphyllous
C) Gynandrous
D) Syngenesious
Answer: C
Explanation: Example: Calotropis shows gynandrous condition (stamens + carpels fused).
51. Fruit develops from__________.
A) Ovary
B) Ovule
C) Receptacle
D) Stigma
Answer: A
Explanation: After fertilization, ovary develops into fruit.
52. Seed develops from__________.
A) Ovary
B) Ovule
C) Endosperm
D) Placenta
Answer: B
Explanation: Fertilized ovule becomes seed.
53. A fruit formed without fertilization is called__________.
A) True fruit
B) False fruit
C) Parthenocarpic fruit
D) Aggregate fruit
Answer: C
Explanation: Parthenocarpy leads to seedless fruits (banana).
54. A fruit formed from ovary alone is__________.
A) True fruit
B) False fruit
C) Composite fruit
D) Aggregate fruit
Answer: A
Explanation: True fruit develops only from ovary (e.g., mango).
55. A fruit formed from ovary plus other floral parts is__________.
A) False fruit
B) True fruit
C) Multiple fruit
D) Drupe
Answer: A
Explanation: Apple is false fruit; thalamus contributes.
56. Mango and coconut are examples of__________.
A) Drupe
B) Capsule
C) Nut
D) Berry
Answer: A
Explanation: They are single-seeded drupes with hard endocarp.
57. A fruit formed from multiple ovaries of single flower is__________.
A) Simple fruit
B) Aggregate fruit
C) Composite fruit
D) Capsule
Answer: B
Explanation: Example: Strawberry.
58. A fruit formed from ovaries of multiple flowers is__________.
A) Simple fruit
B) Aggregate fruit
C) Composite (multiple) fruit
D) Drupe
Answer: C
Explanation: Pineapple is a composite fruit.
59. In pea, the fruit is__________.
A) Capsule
B) Pod (legume)
C) Drupe
D) Nut
Answer: B
Explanation: Legume fruit develops from single carpel and splits open.
60. In sunflower, fruit is__________.
A) Caryopsis
B) Drupe
C) Achene
D) Nut
Answer: C
Explanation: Achene is dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit.
61. In maize and wheat, fruit is__________.
A) Nut
B) Caryopsis
C) Drupe
D) Capsule
Answer: B
Explanation: Caryopsis is one-seeded fruit with seed coat fused with pericarp.
62. Guava and tomato are__________.
A) Drupe
B) Berry
C) Nut
D) Capsule
Answer: B
Explanation: Berry is fleshy fruit with seeds embedded in pericarp.
63. Which of the following is a capsule fruit?
A) Cotton
B) Mango
C) Maize
D) Pea
Answer: A
Explanation: Capsule is dry dehiscent fruit (e.g., cotton, okra).
64. Seed coat develops from__________.
A) Ovary wall
B) Integuments of ovule
C) Funicle
D) Placenta
Answer: B
Explanation: The integuments are the protective outer layers of the ovule. During the development of the seed, these layers undergo chemical and physical changes to become tough and protective.
65. Cotyledons are part of__________.
A) Seed coat
B) Embryo
C) Endosperm
D) Pericarp
Answer: B
Explanation: Cotyledons are seed leaves, part of embryo.
66. Albuminous seed contains__________.
A) No endosperm
B) Endosperm present
C) Cotyledon only
D) Plumule only
Answer: B
Explanation: Example: castor, maize.
67. Non-albuminous seed is__________.
A) Maize
B) Castor
C) Pea
D) Wheat
Answer: C
Explanation: Non-albuminous seeds consume endosperm during development.
68. The scar on seed coat marking point of attachment to fruit wall is__________.
A) Hilum
B) Micropyle
C) Funicle
D) Tegmen
Answer: A
Explanation: The hilum is a scar on the seed coat that represents the point where the seed was formerly attached to the fruit wall (specifically to the funicle, which connects to the placenta of the fruit).
69. The small pore in seed coat for water entry is__________.
A) Hilum
B) Micropyle
C) Chalaza
D) Tegmen
Answer: B
Explanation: The micropyle is a minute opening in the seed coat that persists from the ovule stage. While its original job was to allow the pollen tube to enter for fertilization, its primary role in the mature seed is to facilitate the entry of water and oxygen required for germination.
70. Plumule develops into__________.
A) Root
B) Shoot
C) Seed coat
D) Endosperm
Answer: B
Explanation: The plumule is the part of the embryonic axis that develops into the shoot system, which includes the stem, leaves, and eventually flowers and fruits.
71. Radicle develops into__________.
A) Root
B) Shoot
C) Cotyledon
D) Endosperm
Answer: A
Explanation: The radicle is the embryonic root of the plant. It is the first structure to emerge from the seed during germination, pushing through the micropyle to anchor the seedling and begin absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.
72. Placentation refers to__________.
A) Arrangement of ovules in ovary
B) Arrangement of seeds in fruit
C) Arrangement of flowers on axis
D) Arrangement of leaves on stem
Answer: A
Explanation: In botany, placentation refers to the specific way that ovules (the structures that become seeds) are attached and distributed along the placenta inside the ovary of a flower.
73. Axile placentation is found in__________.
A) Mustard
B) Tomato
C) Pea
D) Sunflower
Answer: B
Explanation: Ovules attached to central axis of multilocular ovary.
74. Parietal placentation occurs in__________.
A) Mustard
B) Lemon
C) Pea
D) Lily
Answer: A
Explanation: Ovules borne on inner wall of ovary.
75. Marginal placentation occurs in__________.
A) Pea
B) Mustard
C) Tomato
D) Sunflower
Answer: A
Explanation: Ovules attached along margin of unilocular ovary.
76. Family Fabaceae shows which aestivation in corolla?
A) Valvate
B) Twisted
C) Vexillary
D) Imbricate
Answer: C
Explanation: Fabaceae flowers have standard, wings, and keel petals in vexillary aestivation.
77. Stamens in Fabaceae are usually__________.
A) Monadelphous
B) Diadelphous (9 + 1)
C) Polyadelphous
D) Syngenesious
Answer: B
Explanation: Nine stamens united in one bundle, one free.
78. Ovary position in Fabaceae is__________.
A) Superior
B) Inferior
C) Half-inferior
D) None
Answer: A
Explanation: Fabaceae has hypogynous flowers with superior ovary.
79. Inflorescence of Fabaceae is mostly__________.
A) Spike
B) Raceme
C) Capitulum
D) Umbel
Answer: B
Explanation: In the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, the inflorescence is typically racemose. Specifically, it is most often a simple raceme, where the flowers are attached to a central axis by short stalks (pedicels) and bloom in an acropetal succession (older flowers at the base, younger ones at the top).
80. Fruit in Fabaceae is__________.
A) Drupe
B) Legume (pod)
C) Berry
D) Nut
Answer: B
Explanation: The characteristic fruit of the Fabaceae family (formerly known as Leguminosae) is a legume, commonly referred to as a pod. A legume is a simple dry fruit.
81. Members of family Solanaceae show__________.
A) Valvate aestivation
B) Vexillary aestivation
C) Twisted aestivation
D) Imbricate aestivation
Answer: C
Explanation: Corolla is usually twisted.
82. Gynoecium in Solanaceae is __________.
A) Monocarpellary, superior ovary
B) Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary
C) Polycarpellary, inferior ovary
D) Apocarpous
Answer: B
Explanation: Bicarpellary: It is composed of two carpels.
Syncarpous: The two carpels are fused together.
Superior Ovary: The ovary is situated above the point of attachment of the other floral parts (sepals, petals, and stamens).
83. Fruit in Solanaceae is usually__________.
A) Drupe
B) Capsule or berry
C) Nut
D) Caryopsis
Answer: B
Explanation: In the Solanaceae family, the fruit is typically either a fleshy berry or a dry capsule. Both types develop from the characteristic bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary of the family.
84. Examples of Solanaceae are__________.
A) Potato, tomato, brinjal
B) Mango, guava, banana
C) Mustard, radish, cabbage
D) Wheat, maize, rice
Answer: A
Explanation: Potato (Solanum tuberosum): A starchy tuber that is the namesake of the family.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): A classic berry-type fruit of this family.
Brinjal/Eggplant (Solanum melongena): Another common vegetable belonging to the genus Solanum.
85. Corolla in family Liliaceae is__________.
A) Polypetalous
B) Gamopetalous (petals united)
C) Petaloid perianth
D) Absent
Answer: C
Explanation: Liliaceae has 6 tepals in two whorls.
86. Androecium in Liliaceae__________.
A) 5 stamens free
B) 6 stamens free
C) Many stamens united
D) 4 stamens
Answer: B
Explanation: In the Liliaceae (Lily) family, the androecium is characterized by having six stamens. These stamens are arranged in a specific pattern that reflects the “trimerous” (rule of three) nature of monocots.
87. Ovary in Liliaceae:
A) Superior, trilocular
B) Inferior, trilocular
C) Superior, bilocular
D) Half-inferior
Answer: A
Explanation: The gynoecium of the Liliaceae (Lily) family is characterized by several specific features that follow the “rule of three” typical of monocots.
88. Fruit in Liliaceae is__________.
A) Drupe
B) Capsule
C) Legume
D) Caryopsis
Answer: B
Explanation: In the Liliaceae (Lily) family, the fruit is most commonly a capsule, though in some specific genera (like Asparagus or Smilax), it can be a berry.
89. Placentation in Liliaceae is__________.
A) Axile
B) Parietal
C) Basal
D) Marginal
Answer: A
Explanation: In the Liliaceae family, the ovules are attached to a central axis within a multi-chambered (trilocular) ovary. This is known as axile placentation.
90. Example of family Liliaceae__________.
A) Onion
B) Wheat
C) Pea
D) Mustard
Answer: A
Explanation: Onion (Allium cepa): It is a representative member of the Liliaceae family. It features the characteristic bulb (underground stem), parallel venation in leaves, and trimerous flowers.
91. Which plant family is commonly called the “mustard family”?
A) Solanaceae
B) Fabaceae
C) Brassicaceae
D) Liliaceae
Answer: C
Explanation: The Brassicaceae family (formerly known as Cruciferae) is commonly called the mustard family, cabbage family, or crucifers.
92. Brassicaceae flowers show__________.
A) Cruciform corolla
B) Papilionaceous corolla
C) Petaloid perianth
D) Gamosepalous calyx
Answer: A
Explanation: Four petals arranged in cross shape.
93. Stamens in Brassicaceae__________.
A) 5 free
B) 10 diadelphous
C) 6 (tetradynamous)
D) Many
Answer: C
Explanation: 4 long + 2 short stamens.
94. Ovary in Brassicaceae is:
A) Superior, bicarpellary
B) Inferior, trilocular
C) Superior, monocarpellary
D) Half-inferior
Answer: A
Explanation: Superior Ovary: The ovary is situated above the attachment point of the sepals, petals, and stamens.
Bicarpellary: It is composed of two fused carpels (syncarpous).
95. Fruit in Brassicaceae is__________.
A) Silique
B) Capsule
C) Berry
D) Drupe
Answer: A
Explanation: Silique (Siliqua): A long and narrow fruit that is more than twice as long as it is wide.
96. Example of Brassicaceae__________.
A) Potato
B) Mustard
C) Onion
D) Pea
Answer: B
Explanation: Mustard (Brassica juncea) is the most iconic member and provides the common name for the entire group: the Mustard Family.
97. Family Asteraceae (Compositae) has characteristic inflorescence__________.
A) Raceme
B) Capitulum (head)
C) Spike
D) Umbel
Answer: B
Explanation: The Asteraceae (formerly Compositae) is one of the largest families of flowering plants, and its defining feature is the capitulum inflorescence.
98. Asteraceae flowers are__________.
A) Zygomorphic only
B) Actinomorphic only
C) Both actinomorphic and zygomorphic
D) Asymmetrical
Answer: C
Explanation: Ray florets are zygomorphic, disc florets are actinomorphic.
99. Ovary in Asteraceae is__________.
A) Superior
B) Inferior
C) Half-inferior
D) Superior bicarpellary
Answer: B
Explanation: In the Asteraceae (or Compositae) family, the ovary is positioned below the attachment point of the other floral parts (sepals, petals, and stamens). This arrangement is technically termed an epigynous flower.
100. Fruit in Asteraceae is__________.
A) Capsule
B) Achene (cypsela)
C) Drupe
D) Berry
Answer: B
Explanation: Sunflower produces cypsela, a modified achene.