1. The main function of roots is:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Absorption of water and minerals
c) Transpiration
d) Food conduction
Answer: b) Absorption of water and minerals
Explanation: Roots primarily absorb water and minerals and anchor the plant.
2. Pneumatophores are found in:
a) Banyan tree
b) Sugarcane
c) Mangroves
d) Cactus
Answer: c) Mangroves
Explanation: Pneumatophores are specialized aerial roots for respiration in swampy areas.
3. Adventitious roots arise from:
a) Radicle
b) Any plant organ other than radicle
c) Plumule
d) Cotyledon
Answer: b) Any plant organ other than radicle
Explanation: Adventitious roots emerge from stem, leaf or other parts.
4. The stem modification in potato is:
a) Tuber
b) Rhizome
c) Corm
d) Bulb
Answer: a) Tuber
Explanation: Potato stores food in an underground stem tuber with nodes and buds (eyes).
5. Ginger is a:
a) Root
b) Rhizome
c) Bulb
d) Corm
Answer: b) Rhizome
Explanation: Ginger is an underground horizontal stem called rhizome.
6. Phylloclade is:
a) Stem modified into leaf-like structure
b) Leaf modified into stem
c) Storage root
d) Reproductive organ
Answer: a) Stem modified into leaf-like structure
Explanation: In xerophytes (Opuntia), stems become flattened and photosynthetic.
7. Cactus spine is a modification of:
a) Stem
b) Leaf
c) Root
d) Flower
Answer: b) Leaf
Explanation: Spines reduce water loss; they are modified leaves.
8. Example of phyllode is:
a) Opuntia
b) Acacia
c) Euphorbia
d) Aloe
Answer: b) Acacia
Explanation: In Acacia, petiole becomes flattened and photosynthetic (phyllode).
9. Compound leaf is present in:
a) Mango
b) Neem
c) Banyan
d) Peepal
Answer: b) Neem
Explanation: Neem has pinnately compound leaves.
10. Pulvinus is characteristic of:
a) Leguminous plants
b) Monocots
c) Aquatic plants
d) Parasites
Answer: a) Leguminous plants
Explanation: Swollen leaf base (pulvinus) helps in nyctinastic movements.
11. Reticulate venation is found in:
a) Wheat
b) Maize
c) Mango
d) Sugarcane
Answer: c) Mango
Explanation: Dicots show reticulate venation.
12. Parallel venation occurs in:
a) Peepal
b) Neem
c) Maize
d) Mustard
Answer: c) Maize
Explanation: Monocots show parallel venation.
13. Stilt roots occur in:
a) Maize
b) Wheat
c) Mustard
d) Rice
Answer: a) Maize
Explanation: Stilt roots provide support in maize and sugarcane.
14. Haustorial roots are found in:
a) Cuscuta
b) Carrot
c) Onion
d) Maize
Answer: a) Cuscuta
Explanation: Parasitic plants develop haustoria to absorb food from hosts.
15. Which stem modification helps in vegetative propagation?
a) Tuber
b) Rhizome
c) Bulb
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Tuber, rhizome, bulb, corm can propagate vegetatively.
16. The petiole-like structure performing leaf function is:
a) Phyllode
b) Cladode
c) Stipule
d) Spine
Answer: a) Phyllode
17. Whorled phyllotaxy is seen in:
a) China rose
b) Alstonia
c) Sunflower
d) Mustard
Answer: b) Alstonia
Explanation: Alstonia shows whorled arrangement of leaves.
18. In pinnately compound leaf, leaflets arise from:
a) Tip
b) Petiole
c) Rachis
d) Midrib
Answer: c) Rachis
19. Example of storage tap root is:
a) Maize
b) Carrot
c) Wheat
d) Rice
Answer: b) Carrot
20. Bulb is a modification of:
a) Stem
b) Root
c) Leaf
d) Inflorescence
Answer: a) Stem
Explanation: Onion bulb is a stem modification with fleshy leaves.
21. Corm is seen in:
a) Potato
b) Ginger
c) Colocasia
d) Opuntia
Answer: c) Colocasia
22. Phyllotaxy in sunflower is:
a) Alternate
b) Opposite
c) Whorled
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
23. Which one is a stem modification for climbing?
a) Tendril
b) Thorn
c) Spine
d) Stilt root
Answer: a) Tendril
24. Leaflets in palmately compound leaves arise from:
a) Rachis
b) Tip
c) Common point at petiole
d) Node
Answer: c) Common point at petiole
25. Example of succulent stem is:
a) Aloe
b) Opuntia
c) Euphorbia
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
26. The main axis of racemose inflorescence is:
a) Definite growth
b) Indefinite growth
c) Flattened
d) Modified into spikelet
Answer: b) Indefinite growth
Explanation: In racemose type, the main axis grows continuously, producing flowers laterally.
27. The main axis of cymose inflorescence is:
a) Indefinite growth
b) Definite growth
c) Spiral growth
d) Axillary growth
Answer: b) Definite growth
Explanation: Cymose inflorescence has limited growth; terminal flower develops first.
28. Hypanthodium inflorescence is found in:
a) Sunflower
b) Fig (Ficus)
c) Pea
d) Mustard
Answer: b) Fig (Ficus)
Explanation: Hypanthodium is a special inflorescence seen in fig and banyan.
29. Capitulum (head) inflorescence is seen in:
a) Sunflower
b) Mustard
c) Pea
d) Lily
Answer: a) Sunflower
Explanation: Sunflower shows a compact head (capitulum) inflorescence.
30. Which inflorescence is characteristic of family Fabaceae?
a) Raceme
b) Spike
c) Cymose cluster
d) Panicle
Answer: a) Raceme
Explanation: Fabaceae commonly shows racemose inflorescence.
31. A sessile flower borne on elongated axis without pedicel is called:
a) Raceme
b) Panicle
c) Spike
d) Umbel
Answer: c) Spike
Explanation: Spike has sessile flowers on elongated axis (e.g., wheat).
32. Compound umbel inflorescence is found in:
a) Coriander
b) Sunflower
c) Mustard
d) Pea
Answer: a) Coriander
Explanation: Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) has compound umbel.
33. In racemose inflorescence, the oldest flower is:
a) At base
b) At tip
c) At sides
d) At nodes
Answer: a) At base
Explanation: Flowers open in acropetal succession.
34. In cymose inflorescence, the oldest flower is:
a) At base
b) At tip
c) At node
d) At axis
Answer: b) At tip
Explanation: Flowers open in basipetal succession.
35. A bisexual flower is:
a) Staminate
b) Pistillate
c) Hermaphrodite
d) Neutral
Answer: c) Hermaphrodite
Explanation: A flower having both androecium and gynoecium is bisexual.
36. The mode of arrangement of floral whorls is called:
a) Phyllotaxy
b) Aestivation
c) Placentation
d) Inflorescence
Answer: b) Aestivation
Explanation: Aestivation refers to arrangement of sepals/petals in bud condition.
37. Valvate aestivation occurs in:
a) Mustard
b) China rose
c) Pea
d) Cotton
Answer: a) Mustard
Explanation: In valvate aestivation, petals/sepal margins just touch, not overlapping.
38. Twisted (contorted) aestivation is found in:
a) Mustard
b) Pea
c) China rose
d) Gulmohar
Answer: c) China rose
Explanation: In twisted aestivation, each petal overlaps the next regularly.
39. Imbricate aestivation is seen in:
a) Pea
b) Mustard
c) Gulmohar
d) China rose
Answer: c) Gulmohar
Explanation: In imbricate aestivation, petals are irregularly overlapping.
40. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of:
a) Fabaceae (pea family)
b) Brassicaceae
c) Malvaceae
d) Liliaceae
Answer: a) Fabaceae
Explanation: Standard, wings, and keel petals show vexillary aestivation.
41. Actinomorphic flower shows:
a) Radial symmetry
b) Bilateral symmetry
c) No symmetry
d) Spiral symmetry
Answer: a) Radial symmetry
Explanation: Actinomorphic flowers can be divided into equal halves by any radial plane.
42. Zygomorphic flower shows:
a) Radial symmetry
b) Bilateral symmetry
c) Asymmetry
d) Spiral symmetry
Answer: b) Bilateral symmetry
Explanation: Zygomorphic flowers can be divided into two equal halves only in one plane.
43. Epigynous flower has ovary:
a) Superior
b) Inferior
c) Half-inferior
d) None
Answer: b) Inferior
Explanation: In epigynous flowers, ovary is inferior (e.g., guava, cucumber).
44. Hypogynous flower has ovary:
a) Inferior
b) Superior
c) Half-inferior
d) Embedded
Answer: b) Superior
Explanation: In hypogynous flowers (e.g., mustard, brinjal), ovary is superior.
45. Perigynous condition is seen in:
a) Mustard
b) Peach
c) Guava
d) Cucumber
Answer: b) Peach
Explanation: In perigynous flowers, ovary is half-inferior.
46. Unisexual flowers contain:
a) Only stamens or only carpels
b) Both stamens and carpels
c) Only sepals
d) None of these
Answer: a) Only stamens or only carpels
Explanation: Male and female reproductive structures are separate.
47. The non-essential whorls of flower are:
a) Calyx and corolla
b) Androecium and gynoecium
c) Petal and carpel
d) Sepal and carpel
Answer: a) Calyx and corolla
Explanation: Essential whorls = androecium & gynoecium; non-essential = calyx & corolla.
48. When stamens are attached to petals, the condition is:
a) Epipetalous
b) Epiphyllous
c) Gynandrous
d) Polyandrous
Answer: a) Epipetalous
Explanation: In epipetalous condition, stamens fuse with petals (e.g., brinjal).
49. When stamens are attached to perianth, the condition is:
a) Epiphyllous
b) Epipetalous
c) Gynandrous
d) Adelphous
Answer: a) Epiphyllous
Explanation: Seen in lily family; stamens arise from perianth.
50. Stamens fused with carpels is called:
a) Epipetalous
b) Epiphyllous
c) Gynandrous
d) Syngenesious
Answer: c) Gynandrous
Explanation: Example: Calotropis shows gynandrous condition (stamens + carpels fused).
51. Fruit develops from:
a) Ovary
b) Ovule
c) Receptacle
d) Stigma
Answer: a) Ovary
Explanation: After fertilization, ovary develops into fruit.
52. Seed develops from:
a) Ovary
b) Ovule
c) Endosperm
d) Placenta
Answer: b) Ovule
Explanation: Fertilized ovule becomes seed.
53. A fruit formed without fertilization is called:
a) True fruit
b) False fruit
c) Parthenocarpic fruit
d) Aggregate fruit
Answer: c) Parthenocarpic fruit
Explanation: Parthenocarpy leads to seedless fruits (banana).
54. A fruit formed from ovary alone is:
a) True fruit
b) False fruit
c) Composite fruit
d) Aggregate fruit
Answer: a) True fruit
Explanation: True fruit develops only from ovary (e.g., mango).
55. A fruit formed from ovary plus other floral parts is:
a) False fruit
b) True fruit
c) Multiple fruit
d) Drupe
Answer: a) False fruit
Explanation: Apple is false fruit; thalamus contributes.
56. Mango and coconut are examples of:
a) Drupe
b) Capsule
c) Nut
d) Berry
Answer: a) Drupe
Explanation: They are single-seeded drupes with hard endocarp.
57. A fruit formed from multiple ovaries of single flower is:
a) Simple fruit
b) Aggregate fruit
c) Composite fruit
d) Capsule
Answer: b) Aggregate fruit
Explanation: Example: Strawberry.
58. A fruit formed from ovaries of multiple flowers is:
a) Simple fruit
b) Aggregate fruit
c) Composite (multiple) fruit
d) Drupe
Answer: c) Composite fruit
Explanation: Pineapple is a composite fruit.
59. In pea, the fruit is:
a) Capsule
b) Pod (legume)
c) Drupe
d) Nut
Answer: b) Pod (legume)
Explanation: Legume fruit develops from single carpel and splits open.
60. In sunflower, fruit is:
a) Caryopsis
b) Drupe
c) Achene
d) Nut
Answer: c) Achene
Explanation: Achene is dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit.
61. In maize and wheat, fruit is:
a) Nut
b) Caryopsis
c) Drupe
d) Capsule
Answer: b) Caryopsis
Explanation: Caryopsis is one-seeded fruit with seed coat fused with pericarp.
62. Guava and tomato are:
a) Drupe
b) Berry
c) Nut
d) Capsule
Answer: b) Berry
Explanation: Berry is fleshy fruit with seeds embedded in pericarp.
63. Which of the following is a capsule fruit?
a) Cotton
b) Mango
c) Maize
d) Pea
Answer: a) Cotton
Explanation: Capsule is dry dehiscent fruit (e.g., cotton, okra).
64. Seed coat develops from:
a) Ovary wall
b) Integuments of ovule
c) Funicle
d) Placenta
Answer: b) Integuments of ovule
65. Cotyledons are part of:
a) Seed coat
b) Embryo
c) Endosperm
d) Pericarp
Answer: b) Embryo
Explanation: Cotyledons are seed leaves, part of embryo.
66. Albuminous seed contains:
a) No endosperm
b) Endosperm present
c) Cotyledon only
d) Plumule only
Answer: b) Endosperm present
Explanation: Example: castor, maize.
67. Non-albuminous seed is:
a) Maize
b) Castor
c) Pea
d) Wheat
Answer: c) Pea
Explanation: Non-albuminous seeds consume endosperm during development.
68. The scar on seed coat marking point of attachment to fruit wall is:
a) Hilum
b) Micropyle
c) Funicle
d) Tegmen
Answer: a) Hilum
69. The small pore in seed coat for water entry is:
a) Hilum
b) Micropyle
c) Chalaza
d) Tegmen
Answer: b) Micropyle
70. Plumule develops into:
a) Root
b) Shoot
c) Seed coat
d) Endosperm
Answer: b) Shoot
71. Radicle develops into:
a) Root
b) Shoot
c) Cotyledon
d) Endosperm
Answer: a) Root
72. Placentation refers to:
a) Arrangement of ovules in ovary
b) Arrangement of seeds in fruit
c) Arrangement of flowers on axis
d) Arrangement of leaves on stem
Answer: a) Arrangement of ovules in ovary
73. Axile placentation is found in:
a) Mustard
b) Tomato
c) Pea
d) Sunflower
Answer: b) Tomato
Explanation: Ovules attached to central axis of multilocular ovary.
74. Parietal placentation occurs in:
a) Mustard
b) Lemon
c) Pea
d) Lily
Answer: a) Mustard
Explanation: Ovules borne on inner wall of ovary.
75. Marginal placentation occurs in:
a) Pea
b) Mustard
c) Tomato
d) Sunflower
Answer: a) Pea
Explanation: Ovules attached along margin of unilocular ovary.
76. Family Fabaceae shows which aestivation in corolla?
a) Valvate
b) Twisted
c) Vexillary
d) Imbricate
Answer: c) Vexillary
Explanation: Fabaceae flowers have standard, wings, and keel petals in vexillary aestivation.
77. Stamens in Fabaceae are usually:
a) Monadelphous
b) Diadelphous (9 + 1)
c) Polyadelphous
d) Syngenesious
Answer: b) Diadelphous (9 + 1)
Explanation: Nine stamens united in one bundle, one free.
78. Ovary position in Fabaceae is:
a) Superior
b) Inferior
c) Half-inferior
d) None
Answer: a) Superior
Explanation: Fabaceae has hypogynous flowers with superior ovary.
79. Inflorescence of Fabaceae is mostly:
a) Spike
b) Raceme
c) Capitulum
d) Umbel
Answer: b) Raceme
80. Fruit in Fabaceae is:
a) Drupe
b) Legume (pod)
c) Berry
d) Nut
Answer: b) Legume
81. Members of family Solanaceae show:
a) Valvate aestivation
b) Vexillary aestivation
c) Twisted aestivation
d) Imbricate aestivation
Answer: c) Twisted aestivation
Explanation: Corolla is usually twisted.
82. Gynoecium in Solanaceae is:
a) Monocarpellary, superior ovary
b) Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary
c) Polycarpellary, inferior ovary
d) Apocarpous
Answer: b) Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary
83. Fruit in Solanaceae is usually:
a) Drupe
b) Capsule or berry
c) Nut
d) Caryopsis
Answer: b) Capsule or berry
84. Examples of Solanaceae are:
a) Potato, tomato, brinjal
b) Mango, guava, banana
c) Mustard, radish, cabbage
d) Wheat, maize, rice
Answer: a) Potato, tomato, brinjal
85. Corolla in family Liliaceae is:
a) Polypetalous
b) Gamopetalous (petals united)
c) Petaloid perianth
d) Absent
Answer: c) Petaloid perianth
Explanation: Liliaceae has 6 tepals in two whorls.
86. Androecium in Liliaceae:
a) 5 stamens free
b) 6 stamens free
c) Many stamens united
d) 4 stamens
Answer: b) 6 stamens free
87. Ovary in Liliaceae:
a) Superior, trilocular
b) Inferior, trilocular
c) Superior, bilocular
d) Half-inferior
Answer: a) Superior, trilocular
88. Fruit in Liliaceae is:
a) Drupe
b) Capsule
c) Legume
d) Caryopsis
Answer: b) Capsule
89. Placentation in Liliaceae is:
a) Axile
b) Parietal
c) Basal
d) Marginal
Answer: a) Axile
90. Example of family Liliaceae:
a) Onion
b) Wheat
c) Pea
d) Mustard
Answer: a) Onion
91. Which plant family is commonly called the “mustard family”?
a) Solanaceae
b) Fabaceae
c) Brassicaceae
d) Liliaceae
Answer: c) Brassicaceae
92. Brassicaceae flowers show:
a) Cruciform corolla
b) Papilionaceous corolla
c) Petaloid perianth
d) Gamosepalous calyx
Answer: a) Cruciform corolla
Explanation: Four petals arranged in cross shape.
93. Stamens in Brassicaceae:
a) 5 free
b) 10 diadelphous
c) 6 (tetradynamous)
d) Many
Answer: c) 6 (tetradynamous)
Explanation: 4 long + 2 short stamens.
94. Ovary in Brassicaceae is:
a) Superior, bicarpellary
b) Inferior, trilocular
c) Superior, monocarpellary
d) Half-inferior
Answer: a) Superior, bicarpellary
95. Fruit in Brassicaceae is:
a) Silique
b) Capsule
c) Berry
d) Drupe
Answer: a) Silique
96. Example of Brassicaceae:
a) Potato
b) Mustard
c) Onion
d) Pea
Answer: b) Mustard
97. Family Asteraceae (Compositae) has characteristic inflorescence:
a) Raceme
b) Capitulum (head)
c) Spike
d) Umbel
Answer: b) Capitulum
98. Asteraceae flowers are:
a) Zygomorphic only
b) Actinomorphic only
c) Both actinomorphic and zygomorphic
d) Asymmetrical
Answer: c) Both actinomorphic and zygomorphic
Explanation: Ray florets are zygomorphic, disc florets are actinomorphic.
99. Ovary in Asteraceae is:
a) Superior
b) Inferior
c) Half-inferior
d) Superior bicarpellary
Answer: b) Inferior
100. Fruit in Asteraceae is:
a) Capsule
b) Achene (cypsela)
c) Drupe
d) Berry
Answer: b) Achene (cypsela)
Explanation: Sunflower produces cypsela, a modified achene.