1. The mode of nutrition in green plants is:
a) Heterotrophic
b) Autotrophic
c) Parasitic
d) Saprophytic
Answer: b) Autotrophic
Explanation: Green plants use chlorophyll and sunlight to make food (photosynthesis).
2. Autotrophic nutrition involves:
a) Direct absorption of food
b) Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
c) Feeding on dead matter
d) Dependence on host
Answer: b) Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
3. The primary source of energy for photosynthesis is:
a) ATP
b) Sunlight
c) Glucose
d) Water
Answer: b) Sunlight
4. Essential pigment for photosynthesis:
a) Carotene
b) Xanthophyll
c) Chlorophyll
d) Anthocyanin
Answer: c) Chlorophyll
5. The green color of plants is due to:
a) Xanthophyll
b) Carotenoids
c) Chlorophyll
d) Starch
Answer: c) Chlorophyll
6. Photosynthesis occurs in:
a) Mitochondria
b) Chloroplasts
c) Ribosomes
d) Nucleus
Answer: b) Chloroplasts
7. Which is the first stable product of photosynthesis in C3 plants?
a) Pyruvate
b) Phosphoglycerate (PGA)
c) Oxaloacetate
d) Malate
Answer: b) Phosphoglycerate (PGA)
8. In C4 plants, first stable product of photosynthesis is:
a) Pyruvate
b) Oxaloacetate
c) PGA
d) Malate
Answer: b) Oxaloacetate
9. Raw materials for photosynthesis are:
a) CO₂ + H₂O
b) O₂ + H₂O
c) Starch + O₂
d) Proteins + H₂O
Answer: a) CO₂ + H₂O
10. The gas released during photosynthesis is:
a) CO₂
b) O₂
c) H₂
d) N₂
Answer: b) O₂
11. CO₂ enters plant leaves through:
a) Cuticle
b) Lenticels
c) Stomata
d) Epidermis
Answer: c) Stomata
12. Which law of limiting factor applies to photosynthesis?
a) Blackman’s Law
b) Mendel’s Law
c) Hardy-Weinberg Law
d) Boyle’s Law
Answer: a) Blackman’s Law
13. Site of light reaction of photosynthesis:
a) Stroma
b) Thylakoid membrane
c) Mitochondria
d) Ribosome
Answer: b) Thylakoid membrane
14. Site of dark reaction of photosynthesis:
a) Stroma
b) Thylakoid
c) Cytoplasm
d) Nucleus
Answer: a) Stroma
15. End products of photosynthesis are:
a) Glucose + O₂
b) Starch + CO₂
c) Proteins + H₂O
d) Glucose + N₂
Answer: a) Glucose + O₂
16. Photosynthesis equation was first given by:
a) Calvin
b) Van Niel
c) Blackman
d) Mayer
Answer: d) Mayer
17. In photosynthesis, water acts as:
a) Electron donor
b) Electron acceptor
c) Energy carrier
d) Pigment
Answer: a) Electron donor
18. Which light is most effective in photosynthesis?
a) Green
b) Yellow
c) Red and blue
d) Infrared
Answer: c) Red and blue
19. Photosynthetic unit is:
a) PSI
b) PSII
c) Quantasome
d) Chloroplast
Answer: c) Quantasome
20. Calvin cycle was discovered by:
a) Blackman
b) Calvin
c) Mayer
d) Hill
Answer: b) Calvin
21. The Hill reaction shows that oxygen is evolved from:
a) CO₂
b) H₂O
c) Glucose
d) Sunlight
Answer: b) H₂O
22. CAM plants fix CO₂ at night using:
a) PEP carboxylase
b) Rubisco
c) ATP synthase
d) Malate dehydrogenase
Answer: a) PEP carboxylase
23. Which plants minimize photorespiration?
a) C3 plants
b) C4 plants
c) CAM plants only
d) Both C4 and CAM
Answer: d) Both C4 and CAM
24. Dark reaction is called so because:
a) It occurs at night only
b) It does not require light directly
c) It occurs in absence of chloroplast
d) It needs darkness
Answer: b) It does not require light directly
25. End product of light reaction is:
a) ATP + NADPH
b) Glucose
c) Pyruvate
d) CO₂
Answer: a) ATP + NADPH
26. Plants that cannot prepare their own food and depend on others are:
a) Autotrophic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Symbiotic
d) Epiphytic
Answer: b) Heterotrophic
Explanation: Heterotrophic plants depend on other organisms for nutrition.
27. The parasitic mode of nutrition is seen in:
a) Cuscuta
b) Maize
c) Mango
d) Sunflower
Answer: a) Cuscuta
Explanation: Cuscuta is a total stem parasite lacking chlorophyll.
28. A plant that depends partly on itself and partly on host is:
a) Total parasite
b) Partial parasite
c) Saprophyte
d) Symbiont
Answer: b) Partial parasite
Explanation: Partial parasites like mistletoe photosynthesize but take water/minerals from host.
29. Which of the following is a total root parasite?
a) Orobanche
b) Viscum
c) Loranthus
d) Striga
Answer: a) Orobanche
Explanation: Orobanche completely depends on host roots for food and water.
30. Mistletoe (Viscum) is an example of:
a) Total parasite
b) Partial stem parasite
c) Total root parasite
d) Saprophyte
Answer: b) Partial stem parasite
Explanation: Mistletoe contains chlorophyll but absorbs water/minerals from host.
31. Saprophytic plants obtain food from:
a) Living hosts
b) Dead and decaying matter
c) Symbiotic fungi
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: b) Dead and decaying matter
32. Example of saprophytic plant is:
a) Monotropa
b) Cuscuta
c) Loranthus
d) Viscum
Answer: a) Monotropa
Explanation: Also called Indian pipe, it grows on decaying organic matter.
33. Symbiotic nutrition is seen in:
a) Monotropa
b) Lichens
c) Cuscuta
d) Orobanche
Answer: b) Lichens
Explanation: Symbiosis occurs between algae and fungi.
34. Algal partner in lichens provides:
a) Minerals
b) Water
c) Carbohydrates (food)
d) Support
Answer: c) Carbohydrates (food)
35. Fungal partner in lichens provides:
a) Food
b) Water and minerals
c) Chlorophyll
d) Oxygen
Answer: b) Water and minerals
36. Mode of nutrition in Rhizobium is:
a) Autotrophic
b) Parasitic
c) Symbiotic
d) Saprophytic
Answer: c) Symbiotic
Explanation: Rhizobium forms symbiosis with legume roots to fix nitrogen.
37. Haustoria are structures found in:
a) Saprophytes
b) Parasites
c) Symbionts
d) Autotrophs
Answer: b) Parasites
Explanation: Specialized absorbing roots in parasites penetrate host tissues.
38. A mycoheterotrophic plant that is achlorophyllous is:
a) Monotropa
b) Sunflower
c) Mango
d) Wheat
Answer: a) Monotropa
39. Symbiotic association of fungi and roots of higher plants is called:
a) Lichen
b) Mycorrhiza
c) Root nodule
d) Haustoria
Answer: b) Mycorrhiza
40. Example of obligate parasite in plants:
a) Cuscuta
b) Monotropa
c) Lichens
d) Mango
Answer: a) Cuscuta
41. Example of facultative parasite:
a) Orobanche
b) Monotropa
c) Viscum
d) Mistletoe
Answer: c) Viscum
Explanation: It can photosynthesize but also depends on host.
42. Insectivorous plants mainly trap insects to obtain:
a) Carbohydrates
b) Nitrogen
c) Water
d) Oxygen
Answer: b) Nitrogen
Explanation: They are autotrophic but supplement nitrogen via insect digestion.
43. A symbiotic plant relationship where both partners benefit is called:
a) Parasitism
b) Mutualism
c) Commensalism
d) Saprophytism
Answer: b) Mutualism
44. Which of the following is a hemiparasite (partial parasite)?
a) Viscum
b) Cuscuta
c) Orobanche
d) Monotropa
Answer: a) Viscum
45. The nutrition mode in orchids is:
a) Autotrophic
b) Saprophytic
c) Epiphytic (with mycorrhizal association)
d) Parasitic
Answer: c) Epiphytic (with mycorrhizal association)
46. Which of the following is a non-green mycoheterotroph?
a) Mushroom
b) Monotropa
c) Cuscuta
d) Mango
Answer: b) Monotropa
47. Example of root parasite in monocots:
a) Striga
b) Cuscuta
c) Loranthus
d) Monotropa
Answer: a) Striga
48. Loranthus is a:
a) Total root parasite
b) Partial stem parasite
c) Saprophyte
d) Symbiont
Answer: b) Partial stem parasite
49. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants is carried out by:
a) Azotobacter
b) Rhizobium
c) Clostridium
d) Nitrosomonas
Answer: b) Rhizobium
50. Which heterotrophic plants lack chlorophyll completely?
a) Cuscuta, Orobanche, Monotropa
b) Viscum, Loranthus
c) Mango, Pea
d) Wheat, Rice
Answer: a) Cuscuta, Orobanche, Monotropa
51. Insectivorous plants are generally found in soils deficient in:
a) Water
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Oxygen
Answer: b) Nitrogen
Explanation: Insectivorous plants supplement nitrogen by digesting insects.
52. Pitcher plant (Nepenthes) is:
a) Saprophytic
b) Insectivorous
c) Symbiotic
d) Epiphytic
Answer: b) Insectivorous
Explanation: Its modified leaf forms a pitcher to trap insects.
53. The leaf modification in pitcher plant is:
a) Phyllode
b) Pitcher (leaf lamina modified)
c) Spine
d) Tendril
Answer: b) Pitcher (leaf lamina modified)
54. Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) traps insects by:
a) Sticky secretion
b) Snap mechanism of leaf lobes
c) Pitcher with fluid
d) Tentacles with glue
Answer: b) Snap mechanism of leaf lobes
55. Drosera (sundew) traps insects by:
a) Snap traps
b) Sticky glandular hairs
c) Pitfall trap
d) Suction trap
Answer: b) Sticky glandular hairs
56. Utricularia (bladderwort) captures insects by:
a) Snap mechanism
b) Pitfall trap
c) Suction bladders
d) Sticky hairs
Answer: c) Suction bladders
57. Aldrovanda is a/an:
a) Aquatic insectivorous plant
b) Parasitic plant
c) Saprophyte
d) Symbiont
Answer: a) Aquatic insectivorous plant
58. Pinguicula (butterwort) traps insects using:
a) Snap lobes
b) Pitcher
c) Sticky leaves
d) Suction bladder
Answer: c) Sticky leaves
59. Primary purpose of insect-trapping in insectivorous plants is:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Nitrogen supplementation
c) Pollination
d) Protection
Answer: b) Nitrogen supplementation
60. Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between:
a) Algae and fungi
b) Fungi and roots of higher plants
c) Bacteria and fungi
d) Two plant roots
Answer: b) Fungi and roots of higher plants
61. Mycorrhizal association helps plants mainly in:
a) Nitrogen fixation
b) Phosphorus absorption
c) Oxygen transport
d) Carbon assimilation
Answer: b) Phosphorus absorption
62. Example of plant with mycorrhiza:
a) Pinus
b) Mustard
c) Wheat
d) Maize
Answer: a) Pinus
63. Lichens are indicators of:
a) Air pollution (SO₂)
b) Water pollution
c) Soil fertility
d) Mineral deficiency
Answer: a) Air pollution (SO₂)
64. In lichens, fungal partner is called:
a) Phycobiont
b) Mycobiont
c) Symbiont
d) Autotroph
Answer: b) Mycobiont
65. In lichens, algal partner is called:
a) Phycobiont
b) Mycobiont
c) Symbiont
d) Epiphyte
Answer: a) Phycobiont
66. The association of algae and fungi in lichens is an example of:
a) Mutualism
b) Commensalism
c) Parasitism
d) Saprophytism
Answer: a) Mutualism
67. The nutrition mode in Rafflesia is:
a) Autotrophic
b) Saprophytic
c) Total root parasitic
d) Partial stem parasitic
Answer: c) Total root parasitic
68. The nutrition mode in Santalum (sandalwood tree) is:
a) Autotrophic only
b) Partial root parasitic
c) Total stem parasitic
d) Saprophytic
Answer: b) Partial root parasitic
69. Example of insectivorous aquatic plant:
a) Utricularia
b) Drosera
c) Nepenthes
d) Dionaea
Answer: a) Utricularia
70. Mycorrhizal fungi increase plant resistance against:
a) Drought
b) Pathogens
c) Soil salinity
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
71. Dodder (Cuscuta) is a:
a) Total stem parasite
b) Partial root parasite
c) Symbiont
d) Saprophyte
Answer: a) Total stem parasite
72. Saprophytic mode of nutrition in fungi involves:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Extracellular digestion of organic matter
c) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
d) Trap mechanism
Answer: b) Extracellular digestion of organic matter
73. Some orchids depend on fungi for nutrients. This relation is:
a) Parasitism
b) Mutualism (mycorrhiza)
c) Saprophytism
d) Predation
Answer: b) Mutualism (mycorrhiza)
74. Coralloid roots of Cycas show symbiosis with:
a) Blue-green algae (Anabaena)
b) Rhizobium
c) Mycorrhizal fungi
d) Actinomycetes
Answer: a) Blue-green algae (Anabaena)
75. Insectivorous plants are mostly found in:
a) Nitrogen-rich soils
b) Marshy, nitrogen-poor soils
c) Desert soils
d) Sandy coastal soils
Answer: b) Marshy, nitrogen-poor soils
76. Plants that derive water and minerals from host but make their own food are:
a) Total parasites
b) Partial parasites
c) Saprophytes
d) Autotrophs
Answer: b) Partial parasites
Explanation: Examples include Viscum and Loranthus.
77. The mode of nutrition in fungi is:
a) Autotrophic
b) Saprophytic or parasitic
c) Holozoic
d) Symbiotic only
Answer: b) Saprophytic or parasitic
78. Insectivorous plants supplement their nutrition mainly for:
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Nitrogen and minerals
d) Oxygen
Answer: c) Nitrogen and minerals
79. Which plant is called the “corpse flower” and is a parasitic plant?
a) Rafflesia
b) Nepenthes
c) Drosera
d) Monotropa
Answer: a) Rafflesia
Explanation: It is a total root parasite with the world’s largest flower.
80. Which heterotrophic plant is also known as the “Indian pipe”?
a) Orobanche
b) Monotropa
c) Striga
d) Viscum
Answer: b) Monotropa
Explanation: A saprophytic/mycoheterotrophic plant growing in dark forest soils.
81. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria associated with Cycas roots are:
a) Nostoc and Anabaena
b) Rhizobium
c) Azotobacter
d) Clostridium
Answer: a) Nostoc and Anabaena
82. Which of the following is a root parasite in cereals?
a) Striga
b) Orobanche
c) Cuscuta
d) Monotropa
Answer: a) Striga
83. Epiphytic orchids absorb water through:
a) Haustoria
b) Velamen tissue in aerial roots
c) Root nodules
d) Symbiotic fungi only
Answer: b) Velamen tissue in aerial roots
84. Which of the following is a non-green parasitic angiosperm?
a) Loranthus
b) Viscum
c) Cuscuta
d) Orchid
Answer: c) Cuscuta
85. Which mode of nutrition is shown by lichens?
a) Parasitic
b) Symbiotic mutualism
c) Epiphytic
d) Saprophytic
Answer: b) Symbiotic mutualism
86. Which among the following is a carnivorous plant with snap trap?
a) Nepenthes
b) Drosera
c) Dionaea (Venus flytrap)
d) Utricularia
Answer: c) Dionaea (Venus flytrap)
87. Sandalwood tree (Santalum album) is:
a) Total stem parasite
b) Partial root parasite
c) Saprophyte
d) Epiphyte
Answer: b) Partial root parasite
88. The “Indian telegraph plant” (Desmodium) shows:
a) Saprophytic nutrition
b) Insectivory
c) Movement of lateral leaflets
d) Parasitism
Answer: c) Movement of lateral leaflets
Explanation: A special adaptation, not related to photosynthesis directly.
89. Which plant uses sticky leaves to trap insects?
a) Nepenthes
b) Drosera
c) Dionaea
d) Pinguicula
Answer: d) Pinguicula (Butterwort)
90. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs in:
a) Mustard
b) Pea
c) Rice
d) Wheat
Answer: b) Pea
Explanation: Root nodules with Rhizobium.
91. Which mode of nutrition is exhibited by Azolla (fern) with Anabaena?
a) Parasitic
b) Symbiotic
c) Saprophytic
d) Carnivorous
Answer: b) Symbiotic
92. Example of a total root parasite in dicots:
a) Striga
b) Orobanche
c) Viscum
d) Monotropa
Answer: b) Orobanche
93. Which plant family has many members that are insectivorous?
a) Orchidaceae
b) Droseraceae
c) Poaceae
d) Fabaceae
Answer: b) Droseraceae
94. The absorptive organ in parasitic plants is:
a) Haustoria
b) Velamen
c) Root hair
d) Rhizoid
Answer: a) Haustoria
95. Example of facultative symbiosis is:
a) Rhizobium in legumes
b) Algae and fungi in lichens
c) Striga in cereals
d) Monotropa in forests
Answer: a) Rhizobium in legumes
96. Which plant is a partial stem parasite?
a) Loranthus
b) Orobanche
c) Cuscuta
d) Monotropa
Answer: a) Loranthus
97. Carnivorous plants are generally found in soils:
a) Poor in nitrogen
b) Poor in water
c) Poor in carbon dioxide
d) Rich in nitrogen
Answer: a) Poor in nitrogen
98. Albugo (causing white rust) obtains food by:
a) Autotrophy
b) Parasitism
c) Saprophytism
d) Symbiosis
Answer: b) Parasitism
99. The velamen tissue in orchids helps in:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Absorption of atmospheric moisture
c) Food conduction
d) Seed dispersal
Answer: b) Absorption of atmospheric moisture
100. The best example of plant–fungus symbiosis enhancing mineral uptake is:
a) Mycorrhiza
b) Root hairs
c) Root nodules
d) Haustoria
Answer: a) Mycorrhiza