1. The study of landforms is called ___________.
A) Geology
B) Geomorphology
C) Seismology
D) Petrology
Answer: B
Explanation: Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms, their processes, and history.
2. Which process is responsible for the breaking down of rocks in situ?
A) Erosion
B) Deposition
C) Weathering
D) Transportation
Answer: C
Explanation: Weathering refers to the disintegration and decomposition of rocks at their location.
3. The removal of weathered material by agents like rivers, wind, and glaciers is ___________.
A) Weathering
B) Deposition
C) Erosion
D) Folding
Answer: C
Explanation: Erosion involves wearing away and transporting weathered material.
4. Which of the following is an exogenic process?
A) Volcanism
B) Earthquakes
C) Weathering
D) Diastrophism
Answer: C
Explanation: Exogenic processes originate from external forces like wind, water, and temperature.
5. Karst landforms are formed due to the action of ___________.
A) Glaciers
B) Wind
C) Groundwater
D) Volcanoes
Answer: C
Explanation: Karst topography results from chemical weathering of limestone by groundwater.
6. Which of the following is NOT an erosional landform of a river?
A) Waterfall
B) Gorge
C) Delta
D) Meander
Answer: C
Explanation: A delta is a depositional landform, formed when rivers deposit sediments near the sea.
7. The V-shaped valley is formed by ___________.
A) Wind erosion
B) Glacial erosion
C) River erosion
D) Tectonic uplift
Answer: C
Explanation: Rivers cut down vertically, creating narrow V-shaped valleys.
8. U-shaped valleys are created by ___________.
A) Wind erosion
B) Glaciers
C) Rivers
D) Groundwater
Answer: B
Explanation: Glaciers erode valleys, making them U-shaped.
9. Which of the following is a depositional feature of a glacier?
A) Cirque
B) Arete
C) Moraine
D) Hanging valley
Answer: C
Explanation: Moraines are deposits of rocks and sediments left by glaciers.
10. The Crescent-shaped sand dunes formed by wind are called ___________.
A) Barchans
B) Seifs
C) Loess
D) Moraines
Answer: A
Explanation: Barchans are crescent dunes formed in arid regions with unidirectional winds.
11. Which landform is created when a river overflows and deposits sediments along its banks?
A) Delta
B) Natural levee
C) Ox-bow lake
D) Flood plain
Answer: B
Explanation: Natural levees are raised banks formed by river sediment deposits during floods.
12. An ox-bow lake is associated with ___________.
A) Wind action
B) River meanders
C) Glaciers
D) Volcanoes
Answer: B
Explanation: When a meander is cut off from the main river, it forms an ox-bow lake.
13. Which of the following is a depositional landform of wind?
A) Yardang
B) Mushroom rock
C) Sand dune
D) Deflation hollow
Answer: C
Explanation: Wind deposits sand in mounds or ridges called dunes.
14. Which one of the following is a volcanic landform?
A) Drumlin
B) Caldera
C) Cirque
D) Esker
Answer: B
Explanation: A caldera is a large volcanic depression formed after an eruption.
15. Inselbergs are formed by ___________.
A) Glacial erosion
B) Wind deposition
C) Weathering and erosion in deserts
D) River deposition
Answer: C
Explanation: Inselbergs are isolated residual hills formed by prolonged erosion.
16. Which of the following is NOT a fluvial landform?
A) Delta
B) Alluvial fan
C) Drumlin
D) Flood plain
Answer: C
Explanation: Drumlins are glacial landforms, not river (fluvial) features.
17. The deposition of wind-blown silt is called ___________.
A) Loess
B) Barchan
C) Esker
D) Kettle
Answer: A
Explanation: Loess is fine silt deposited by wind, often fertile.
18. Which feature is created by underground water action in limestone areas?
A) Cirque
B) Stalactite
C) Drumlin
D) Yardang
Answer: B
Explanation: Stalactites hang from cave roofs, formed by mineral deposition from dripping water.
19. Stalagmites differ from stalactites because they ___________.
A) Hang from ceilings
B) Grow from the floor upward
C) Are formed by glaciers
D) Are formed by rivers
Answer: B
Explanation: Stalagmites rise from the ground of caves, opposite to stalactites.
20. Which is a depositional feature of a river?
A) Gorge
B) Waterfall
C) Meander
D) Delta
Answer: D
Explanation: Deltas are deposits of sediments at river mouths.
21. Hanging valleys are associated with ___________.
A) Rivers
B) Wind
C) Glaciers
D) Volcanoes
Answer: C
Explanation: Hanging valleys are tributary glacial valleys left above the main glacial valley.
22. A mushroom rock is formed due to ___________.
A) Chemical weathering
B) Wind erosion
C) River deposition
D) Glacier deposition
Answer: B
Explanation: Wind abrasion erodes the base more than the top, creating mushroom rocks.
23. Drumlin is a landform associated with ___________.
A) Wind
B) Glaciers
C) Rivers
D) Volcanism
Answer: B
Explanation: Drumlins are streamlined hills formed by glacial deposition.
24. Which type of delta is formed by the Ganga-Brahmaputra?
A) Bird’s foot delta
B) Arcuate delta
C) Estuarine delta
D) Tidal delta
Answer: B
Explanation: The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta (Sundarbans) is arc-shaped.
25. Which of the following is NOT a volcanic landform?
A) Cinder cone
B) Shield volcano
C) Cirque
D) Composite volcano
Answer: C
Explanation: Cirques are glacial erosional features, not volcanic.
26. Which landform is created when a river enters a flat plain and deposits sediments in a cone shape?
A) Delta
B) Alluvial fan
C) Natural levee
D) Oxbow lake
Answer: B
Explanation: Alluvial fans are fan-shaped deposits formed at foothills when rivers lose velocity.
27. Which of the following is an erosional landform created by wind?
A) Sand dune
B) Yardang
C) Loess deposit
D) Delta
Answer: B
Explanation: Yardangs are elongated ridges carved by wind erosion in deserts.
28. A cirque is associated with ___________.
A) River erosion
B) Glacial erosion
C) Wind deposition
D) Groundwater action
Answer: B
Explanation: A cirque is a bowl-shaped depression formed by glacial erosion at mountain heads.
29. Which of the following is a depositional feature of glaciers?
A) Arete
B) Drumlin
C) Cirque
D) Col
Answer: B
Explanation: Drumlins are elongated hills formed by glacial deposition.
30. The Mississippi river delta is an example of ___________.
A) Arcuate delta
B) Estuarine delta
C) Bird’s foot delta
D) Cuspate delta
Answer: C
Explanation: Mississippi delta has finger-like projections resembling a bird’s foot.
31. Sinkholes are associated with ___________.
A) Glaciers
B) Groundwater in limestone areas
C) Wind action
D) Rivers
Answer: B
Explanation: Sinkholes form by dissolution of limestone and collapse of the ground.
32. Which landform is formed when a stalactite and stalagmite meet?
A) Karst tower
B) Column (pillar)
C) Drumlin
D) Inselberg
Answer: B
Explanation: Stalactites (from roof) and stalagmites (from floor) can join to form columns.
33. Which landform is typical of desert regions?
A) Drumlin
B) Bajada
C) Cirque
D) Delta
Answer: B
Explanation: Bajadas are broad slopes of alluvial deposits at mountain bases in deserts.
34. Which type of volcano has gentle slopes and is built mainly of lava flows?
A) Shield volcano
B) Composite volcano
C) Cinder cone
D) Caldera
Answer: A
Explanation: Shield volcanoes, like those in Hawaii, are formed by fluid basaltic lava.
35. Which landform results from differential weathering in deserts?
A) Inselberg
B) Loess
C) Delta
D) Flood plain
Answer: A
Explanation: Resistant rock masses remain as isolated hills after softer rocks erode.
36. Which river feature is formed due to lateral erosion?
A) Gorge
B) Meander
C) Waterfall
D) Delta
Answer: B
Explanation: Meanders are bends in rivers formed by lateral erosion and deposition.
37. Eskers are associated with ___________.
A) Wind
B) Rivers
C) Glaciers
D) Volcanoes
Answer: C
Explanation: Eskers are long ridges of sand and gravel deposited by meltwater streams under glaciers.
38. Which of the following is NOT an erosional coastal landform?
A) Sea cliff
B) Sea arch
C) Spit
D) Stack
Answer: C
Explanation: Spits are depositional features formed by longshore drift.
39. A fiord (fjord) is a ___________.
A) Glacially eroded valley submerged by the sea
B) River floodplain
C) Volcanic crater lake
D) Wind-eroded hollow
Answer: A
Explanation: Fjords are steep-walled inlets formed where glaciers once existed.
40. Which landform develops where a river meets the sea with strong tides?
A) Estuarine delta
B) Arcuate delta
C) Tidal flats
D) Bird’s foot delta
Answer: C
Explanation: Strong tidal action produces mudflats and tidal flats at river mouths.
41. The Colorado River is famous for forming which landform?
A) Delta
B) Grand Canyon
C) Fiord
D) Drumlin
Answer: B
Explanation: The Grand Canyon is a deep gorge carved by the Colorado River.
42. Which erosional feature is associated with coastal wave action?
A) Cliff
B) Sandbar
C) Spit
D) Beach
Answer: A
Explanation: Sea waves undercut rocks to form vertical sea cliffs.
43. Which is NOT a feature of karst topography?
A) Sinkholes
B) Caves
C) Stalactites
D) Yardang
Answer: D
Explanation: Yardangs are wind erosion features, not karst.
44. Which volcanic landform is formed when magma solidifies within Earth’s crust?
A) Caldera
B) Batholith
C) Shield volcano
D) Cinder cone
Answer: B
Explanation: Batholiths are large intrusive igneous bodies formed deep underground.
45. Which coastal depositional feature connects two headlands?
A) Spit
B) Tombolo
C) Bar
D) Lagoon
Answer: C
Explanation: A bar forms when sediments extend across a bay, linking headlands.
46. Tombolo is formed when ___________.
A) Two rivers join
B) A spit connects an island to the mainland
C) A glacial valley joins a main valley
D) Lava flows into the sea
Answer: B
Explanation: Tombolos are depositional coastal features linking land and islands.
47. Which feature is a product of volcanic activity?
A) Mushroom rock
B) Crater lake
C) Loess
D) Oxbow lake
Answer: B
Explanation: A crater lake fills a volcanic crater with water.
48. Which erosional desert landform is called a “wind scoop”?
A) Deflation hollow
B) Bajada
C) Inselberg
D) Loess
Answer: A
Explanation: Wind blows away loose particles, creating shallow depressions.
49. Which type of dune is long and aligned parallel to prevailing winds?
A) Barchan
B) Seif
C) Loess
D) Mushroom
Answer: B
Explanation: Seif dunes are long ridges oriented parallel to wind direction.
50. A lagoon is formed when ___________.
A) A river meander cuts off
B) Coral reefs or sand bars enclose a water body
C) A glacier deposits sediments
D) Volcanic crater fills with water
Answer: B
Explanation: Lagoons are shallow coastal water bodies cut off from the sea.
51. Which landform is created when lava flows out gently and spreads over a large area?
A) Composite volcano
B) Lava plateau
C) Caldera
D) Cinder cone
Answer: B
Explanation: Lava plateaus form from successive lava flows, e.g., Deccan Plateau in India.
52. A natural bridge is formed due to ___________.
A) Wind erosion
B) Wave erosion
C) River erosion
D) Glacial erosion
Answer: C
Explanation: Rivers cut through rocks, sometimes leaving natural arches/bridges.
53. A “butte” in desert topography is ___________.
A) A large plateau
B) A narrow flat-topped hill with steep sides
C) A sand dune
D) A glacial ridge
Answer: B
Explanation: Buttes are erosional remnants of mesas formed in arid regions.
54. Which landform is formed when a glacier erodes three or more cirques into a mountain?
A) Arete
B) Horn
C) Drumlin
D) Esker
Answer: B
Explanation: Horns are sharp peaks (e.g., Matterhorn in the Alps).
55. Which is an erosional feature of river valleys?
A) Delta
B) Gorge
C) Alluvial fan
D) Levee
Answer: B
Explanation: Rivers cut deep narrow valleys called gorges.
56. Which of the following is a depositional coastal feature?
A) Cliff
B) Sea cave
C) Spit
D) Stack
Answer: C
Explanation: A spit is a sand deposit extended into the sea by longshore drift.
57. Which landform is created by groundwater in limestone areas?
A) Cirque
B) Sinkhole
C) Drumlin
D) Esker
Answer: B
Explanation: Sinkholes are depressions caused by chemical weathering and collapse of limestone.
58. Which landform is called a “hanging valley”?
A) A tributary glacial valley left above main valley floor
B) A river valley with waterfalls
C) A volcanic depression
D) A desert basin
Answer: A
Explanation: Hanging valleys are formed when smaller glaciers join a main glacier.
59. A mesa differs from a butte in ___________.
A) Being larger in size
B) Having no flat top
C) Being glacially eroded
D) Being depositional
Answer: A
Explanation: Mesas are large flat-topped tablelands, while buttes are smaller remnants.
60. A fiord is commonly found in ___________.
A) Desert regions
B) Coastal Norway
C) River plains of India
D) Tropical islands
Answer: B
Explanation: Fjords are deep, glacially carved valleys submerged by the sea, common in Norway.
61. Which feature forms where a river meets a resistant rock layer and drops vertically?
A) Gorge
B) Waterfall
C) Oxbow lake
D) Meander
Answer: B
Explanation: Waterfalls form where rivers flow over resistant rock ledges.
62. Which desert feature is created by wind erosion and looks like an elongated ridge?
A) Inselberg
B) Yardang
C) Bajada
D) Deflation hollow
Answer: B
Explanation: Yardangs are streamlined ridges formed by wind abrasion.
63. A cirque is also known as ___________.
A) Karst tower
B) Corrie
C) Loess
D) Drumlin
Answer: B
Explanation: Cirques or corries are bowl-shaped glacial depressions.
64. Which landform is formed when two meanders of a river join together?
A) Natural levee
B) Oxbow lake
C) Point bar
D) Meander scar
Answer: B
Explanation: A cutoff meander loop forms an oxbow lake.
65. Which volcanic landform is characterized by steep slopes and explosive eruptions?
A) Shield volcano
B) Composite volcano
C) Lava plateau
D) Batholith
Answer: B
Explanation: Composite (stratovolcanoes) alternate lava and ash layers, e.g., Mount Fuji.
66. Which glacial depositional feature consists of unsorted material?
A) Drumlin
B) Moraine
C) Esker
D) Kettle
Answer: B
Explanation: Moraines are unsorted debris deposited by glaciers.
67. Which erosional feature is formed at the base of a sea cliff by waves?
A) Beach
B) Wave-cut platform
C) Spit
D) Lagoon
Answer: B
Explanation: Continuous erosion cuts flat platforms at cliff bases.
68. A lagoon in India is found in ___________.
A) Himalayas
B) Western Ghats
C) Chilika Lake, Odisha
D) Thar Desert
Answer: C
Explanation: Chilika Lake is a coastal lagoon formed by sand bars.
69. Which is a depositional feature of glaciers?
A) Cirque
B) Esker
C) Arete
D) Horn
Answer: B
Explanation: Eskers are sinuous ridges deposited by glacial meltwater streams.
70. Which coastal feature forms when waves erode a cave through a headland?
A) Sea arch
B) Stack
C) Spit
D) Tombolo
Answer: A
Explanation: Sea arches form when caves break through headlands.
71. When the roof of a sea arch collapses, it forms ___________.
A) Spit
B) Lagoon
C) Stack
D) Tombolo
Answer: C
Explanation: Sea stacks are isolated rock pillars left after arch collapse.
72. Which type of delta is formed by the Nile river?
A) Bird’s foot delta
B) Arcuate delta
C) Estuarine delta
D) Tidal delta
Answer: B
Explanation: The Nile delta is arc-shaped, typical of arcuate deltas.
73. Which desert feature is formed by deposition of wind-blown silt?
A) Loess
B) Yardang
C) Inselberg
D) Deflation hollow
Answer: A
Explanation: Loess is fine-grained fertile soil deposited by wind.
74. Which landform is formed by subsidence of a volcanic crater?
A) Caldera
B) Shield volcano
C) Batholith
D) Dome mountain
Answer: A
Explanation: Calderas form when volcanic craters collapse after eruptions.
75. Which is an example of a depositional feature of a river in its mature stage?
A) Delta
B) Meander
C) Gorge
D) Cirque
Answer: B
Explanation: Rivers in mature stages develop meanders due to lateral erosion and deposition.
76. Which type of sand dune is formed where wind direction is variable?
A) Barchan
B) Seif dune
C) Star dune
D) Parabolic dune
Answer: C
Explanation: Star dunes have multiple arms and form under variable wind conditions.
77. Which river feature marks the youthful stage of a river?
A) Gorge
B) Meander
C) Delta
D) Flood plain
Answer: A
Explanation: In the youthful stage, rivers cut deep gorges due to vertical erosion.
78. Which coastal feature forms when sediments extend partially across a bay?
A) Spit
B) Bar
C) Tombolo
D) Lagoon
Answer: A
Explanation: A spit is a depositional ridge of sand extending into a bay.
79. Which is a characteristic erosional feature of karst topography?
A) Stalagmite
B) Stalactite
C) Sinkhole
D) Loess
Answer: C
Explanation: Sinkholes (dolines) form when limestone dissolves and collapses.
80. Which is the world’s largest delta?
A) Amazon Delta
B) Ganga–Brahmaputra Delta
C) Nile Delta
D) Mississippi Delta
Answer: B
Explanation: The Sundarbans delta is the largest, covering ~100,000 sq km.
81. Which landform results from deposition by longshore drift?
A) Spit
B) Drumlin
C) Cirque
D) Inselberg
Answer: A
Explanation: Longshore drift deposits sand along coasts, forming spits.
82. Which desert landform looks like a broad gently sloping depositional plain?
A) Inselberg
B) Bajada
C) Yardang
D) Loess
Answer: B
Explanation: Bajadas are formed by the coalescence of alluvial fans in deserts.
83. Which feature forms where a river suddenly descends over a rock ledge?
A) Delta
B) Waterfall
C) Oxbow lake
D) Point bar
Answer: B
Explanation: Waterfalls occur due to differential erosion of hard and soft rocks.
84. Which coastal feature is a shallow body of water partly cut off from the sea?
A) Lagoon
B) Estuary
C) Delta
D) Spit
Answer: A
Explanation: Lagoons form behind sandbars, spits, or coral reefs.
85. Which landform is formed by deposition of glacial till?
A) Drumlin
B) Moraine
C) Esker
D) Cirque
Answer: B
Explanation: Moraines are unsorted debris directly deposited by glaciers.
86. Which type of delta is formed by strong tides and currents?
A) Arcuate delta
B) Bird’s foot delta
C) Estuarine delta
D) Tidal delta
Answer: D
Explanation: Tidal deltas form where tides redistribute sediments, e.g., Ganga–Brahmaputra delta.
87. Which erosional feature is a sharp ridge between two glacial valleys?
A) Drumlin
B) Arete
C) Esker
D) Bajada
Answer: B
Explanation: Aretes are knife-edge ridges formed between glacial cirques.
88. Which volcanic landform is the largest intrusive igneous body?
A) Dyke
B) Laccolith
C) Batholith
D) Sill
Answer: C
Explanation: Batholiths are massive plutonic intrusions covering hundreds of km².
89. Which landform is created by river deposition inside a meander bend?
A) Point bar
B) Delta
C) Oxbow lake
D) Natural levee
Answer: A
Explanation: Point bars are sand deposits on the inner curves of meanders.
90. Which glacial feature is a small circular depression filled with water?
A) Drumlin
B) Kettle lake
C) Fjord
D) Cirque
Answer: B
Explanation: Kettle lakes form when blocks of ice melt within glacial deposits.
91. Which type of volcano is Mt. Kilimanjaro?
A) Shield volcano
B) Composite volcano
C) Cinder cone
D) Dome volcano
Answer: B
Explanation: Kilimanjaro is a stratovolcano with alternating lava and ash layers.
92. Which is the world’s highest waterfall?
A) Niagara Falls
B) Angel Falls
C) Victoria Falls
D) Iguazu Falls
Answer: B
Explanation: Angel Falls in Venezuela drops 979 meters, the tallest waterfall.
93. Which landform is formed by the solution of limestone and subsequent roof collapse?
A) Cave
B) Gorge
C) Sinkhole
D) Drumlin
Answer: C
Explanation: Sinkholes are circular depressions typical of karst areas.
94. Which coastal landform results from wave deposition parallel to the coast?
A) Barrier island
B) Stack
C) Cliff
D) Fjord
Answer: A
Explanation: Barrier islands are offshore deposits of sand parallel to the coast.
95. Which type of delta is formed by the Amazon River?
A) Bird’s foot delta
B) Arcuate delta
C) Estuarine delta
D) Tidal delta
Answer: C
Explanation: Strong tides prevent large delta buildup, forming an estuarine type.
96. Which erosional feature is formed at the head of a glacier?
A) Cirque
B) Esker
C) Drumlin
D) Loess
Answer: A
Explanation: Cirques are bowl-shaped hollows formed by glacier erosion.
97. Which volcanic landform is formed when magma intrudes between rock layers?
A) Dyke
B) Laccolith
C) Batholith
D) Caldera
Answer: B
Explanation: Laccoliths are dome-shaped intrusions between strata.
98. Which coastal feature is an isolated pillar of rock in the sea?
A) Stack
B) Spit
C) Tombolo
D) Bar
Answer: A
Explanation: Sea stacks are remnants of eroded sea arches.
99. Which landform is formed when a glacial valley is flooded by seawater?
A) Fjord
B) Lagoon
C) Estuary
D) Delta
Answer: A
Explanation: Fjords are deep, steep-sided inlets carved by glaciers and later submerged.
100. Which Indian landform is an example of a lava plateau?
A) Malwa Plateau
B) Chotanagpur Plateau
C) Deccan Plateau
D) Shillong Plateau
Answer: C
Explanation: The Deccan Plateau was formed by successive basaltic lava flows.