1. The plant kingdom is classified mainly on the basis of _____________.
A) Mode of nutrition
B) Morphology and reproduction
C) Habitat
D) Cell structure
Answer: B
Explanation: The structure of body and reproductive methods form the basis of classification.
2. The father of taxonomy is_____________.
A) Darwin
B) Carolus Linnaeus
C) Aristotle
D) Whittaker
Answer: B
Explanation: Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature and plant classification.
3. Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification placed plants under_____________.
A) Protista
B) Monera
C) Plantae
D) Fungi
Answer: C
Explanation: All multicellular, photosynthetic organisms were placed in Kingdom Plantae.
4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the plant kingdom?
A) Cell wall of cellulose
B) Chlorophyll for photosynthesis
C) Multicellular body organization
D) Holozoic mode of nutrition
Answer: D
Explanation: Plants are autotrophic, not holozoic (animal-like feeding).
5. Plant kingdom is divided into_____________.
A) Algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
B) Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
C) Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: This is the widely accepted plant kingdom classification.
6. Algae are primarily_____________.
A) Autotrophic, thalloid, aquatic
B) Saprophytic and terrestrial
C) Heterotrophic
D) Parasitic only
Answer: A
Explanation: Algae are simple thalloid plants mostly in water.
7. Which of the following is NOT an alga?
A) Spirogyra
B) Ulothrix
C) Funaria
D) Chlamydomonas
Answer: C
Explanation: Funaria is a bryophyte (moss), not an alga.
8. The stored food in red algae is_____________.
A) Starch
B) Floridean starch
C) Glycogen
D) Oil
Answer: B
Explanation: Red algae store food as floridean starch.
9. Brown algae store food as_____________.
A) Starch
B) Laminarin and mannitol
C) Floridean starch
D) Glycogen
Answer: B
Explanation: Brown algae store food in these forms.
10. Green algae store food as_____________.
A) Laminarin
B) Floridean starch
C) Starch
D) Glycogen
Answer: C
Explanation: Green algae store food in the form of starch.
11. Which pigment is dominant in green algae?
A) Chlorophyll a and c
B) Chlorophyll a and b
C) Phycoerythrin
D) Fucoxanthin
Answer: B
Explanation: Green algae have chlorophyll a and b, like higher plants.
12. Which pigment gives red algae its characteristic color?
A) Fucoxanthin
B) Chlorophyll b
C) Phycoerythrin
D) Phycocyanin
Answer: C
Explanation: Red algae have phycoerythrin, which reflects red light.
13. Which pigment gives brown algae its brown color?
A) Chlorophyll a
B) Phycocyanin
C) Fucoxanthin
D) Carotene
Answer: C
Explanation: Brown algae contain fucoxanthin pigment.
14. Example of unicellular algae is_____________.
A) Ulothrix
B) Chlamydomonas
C) Spirogyra
D) Sargassum
Answer: B
Explanation: Chlamydomonas is a unicellular green alga.
15. Example of filamentous algae is_____________.
A) Chlamydomonas
B) Spirogyra
C) Fucus
D) Polysiphonia
Answer: B
Explanation: Spirogyra has long filamentous structure.
16. Kelps (giant algae) belong to_____________.
A) Red algae
B) Brown algae
C) Green algae
D) Blue-green algae
Answer: B
Explanation: Kelps (Macrocystis) are large brown algae.
17. Agar is obtained from_____________.
A) Green algae
B) Brown algae
C) Red algae
D) Cyanobacteria
Answer: C
Explanation: Agar is extracted from Gelidium and Gracilaria (red algae).
18. Algin is obtained from_____________.
A) Red algae
B) Brown algae
C) Green algae
D) Fungi
Answer: B
Explanation: Algin is extracted from brown algae like Laminaria.
19. Carrageenan is obtained from_____________.
A) Red algae
B) Brown algae
C) Green algae
D) Bryophytes
Answer: A
Explanation: Carrageenan is a commercial product of red algae.
20. An example of colonial green alga is_____________.
A) Spirogyra
B) Ulothrix
C) Volvox
D) Chlamydomonas
Answer: C
Explanation: Volvox forms spherical colonies.
21. Which algae are mainly marine?
A) Green algae
B) Red algae
C) Brown algae
D) Both b and c
Answer: D
Explanation: Red and brown algae are mostly marine.
22. Which algae are mainly freshwater?
A) Green algae
B) Red algae
C) Brown algae
D) None
Answer: A
Explanation: Green algae are abundant in freshwater habitats.
23. The sex organs of algae are_____________.
A) Unicellular and non-jacketed
B) Multicellular and jacketed
C) Absent
D) Like higher plants
Answer: A
Explanation: Algal sex organs are simple, unlike higher plants.
24. Which group of algae is considered closest to land plants?
A) Red algae
B) Brown algae
C) Green algae
D) Cyanobacteria
Answer: C
Explanation: Green algae share pigments and food storage with land plants.
25. Which algae show alternation of generations?
A) Spirogyra
B) Polysiphonia
C) Chlamydomonas
D) All of these
Answer: B
Explanation: Polysiphonia (red algae) exhibits alternation of generations.
26. Bryophytes are commonly known as_____________.
A) Amphibians of plant kingdom
B) Primitive vascular plants
C) Lower algae
D) Seed plants
Answer: A
Explanation: They require water for fertilization and live in moist habitats.
27. The dominant phase in bryophytes is_____________.
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Both equal
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: Bryophytes are gametophyte-dominant plants.
28. The plant body of bryophytes is_____________.
A) Root–stem–leaf differentiated
B) Thalloid or leafy
C) Woody
D) Seed-bearing
Answer: B
Explanation: Bryophytes lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
29. True vascular tissues are absent in_____________.
A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
Answer: A
Explanation: Bryophytes have no xylem or phloem.
30. Bryophytes reproduce by_____________.
A) Spores
B) Seeds
C) Cones
D) Flowers
Answer: A
Explanation: Spores are produced in sporangia of sporophytes.
31. The male sex organ in bryophytes is_____________.
A) Archegonium
B) Antheridium
C) Sporangium
D) Capsule
Answer: B
Explanation: Antheridium produces motile male gametes (antherozoids).
32. The female sex organ in bryophytes is_____________.
A) Antheridium
B) Archegonium
C) Capsule
D) Protonema
Answer: B
Explanation: Archegonium produces eggs.
33. Fertilization in bryophytes requires_____________.
A) Insects
B) Wind
C) Water
D) None
Answer: C
Explanation: Male gametes swim in water to reach female gametes.
34. Sporophyte in bryophytes is_____________.
A) Independent
B) Dependent on gametophyte
C) Larger than gametophyte
D) Free-living
Answer: B
Explanation: Sporophyte depends on gametophyte for nutrition.
35. Which of the following is a liverwort?
A) Funaria
B) Marchantia
C) Anthoceros
D) Sphagnum
Answer: B
Explanation: Marchantia is a typical liverwort.
36. The plant body of Marchantia is_____________.
A) Filamentous
B) Thalloid, dorsiventral
C) Leafy
D) Woody
Answer: B
Explanation: Marchantia has a flat, lobed, thalloid body.
37. Marchantia reproduces asexually by_____________.
A) Spores only
B) Gemmae
C) Conjugation
D) Seeds
Answer: B
Explanation: Gemma cups in Marchantia produce gemmae for vegetative reproduction.
38. The sporophyte of Marchantia is_____________.
A) Independent
B) Dependent, with foot, seta, capsule
C) Free-living
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: Marchantia sporophyte has these three parts.
39. Which of the following is a moss?
A) Funaria
B) Riccia
C) Marchantia
D) Anthoceros
Answer: A
Explanation: Funaria is a common moss.
40. The first stage in moss gametophyte is_____________.
A) Archegonium
B) Protonema
C) Capsule
D) Leafy stage
Answer: B
Explanation: Protonema is the juvenile filamentous stage in mosses.
41. The leafy stage in moss develops from_____________.
A) Protonema
B) Capsule
C) Archegonium
D) Antheridium
Answer: A
Explanation: Protonema gives rise to the leafy gametophyte.
42. The sporophyte of Funaria is_____________.
A) Independent
B) Semi-parasitic on gametophyte
C) Free-living
D) Thalloid
Answer: B
Explanation: Funaria sporophyte depends on gametophyte for nourishment.
43. The sporophyte of moss consists of_____________.
A) Only capsule
B) Foot, seta, capsule
C) Only protonema
D) Archegonium
Answer: B
Explanation: Moss sporophyte has three parts.
44. Which of the following is a hornwort?
A) Funaria
B) Marchantia
C) Anthoceros
D) Riccia
Answer: C
Explanation: Anthoceros is a hornwort, with elongated sporophyte resembling a horn.
45. Anthoceros sporophyte is different because_____________.
A) It is independent and photosynthetic
B) It is non-photosynthetic
C) It is free-living like algae
D) None
Answer: A
Explanation: Anthoceros sporophyte can photosynthesize and live longer.
46. Bryophytes are important ecologically because_____________.
A) They form dense mats of vegetation
B) They help in soil formation
C) They retain water in habitats
D) All of these
Answer: D
Explanation: Bryophytes help conserve moisture, form soil, and provide habitat.
47. Which bryophyte is used as packing material due to water retention?
A) Marchantia
B) Riccia
C) Sphagnum
D) Anthoceros
Answer: C
Explanation: Sphagnum moss holds water and is used in horticulture.
48. Bryophytes are restricted to moist places because_____________.
A) They have no vascular tissue
B) Fertilization requires water
C) Gametophytes dry out easily
D) All of these
Answer: D
Explanation: Moisture is essential for their survival and reproduction.
49. Which is considered the most advanced group among bryophytes?
A) Liverworts
B) Hornworts
C) Mosses
D) Riccia
Answer: C
Explanation: Mosses show more differentiation and dominance in gametophyte.
50. Bryophytes reproduce sexually by_____________.
A) Syngamy of motile male gametes with egg in archegonium
B) External fertilization like algae
C) Pollination
D) Conjugation
Answer: A
Explanation: Male gametes swim in water to fertilize egg inside archegonium.
51. Pteridophytes are the first plants to have_____________.
A) Seeds
B) Vascular tissues (xylem & phloem)
C) Flowers
D) Fruits
Answer: B
Explanation: Pteridophytes are the earliest vascular land plants.
52. The dominant phase in pteridophytes is_____________.
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Protonema
D) None
Answer: A
Explanation: Unlike bryophytes, the sporophyte is independent and dominant.
53. The plant body of pteridophytes is differentiated into_____________.
A) Only thallus
B) Root, stem, and leaf
C) Capsule and protonema
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: They show true organ differentiation.
54. Example of a pteridophyte is_____________.
A) Marchantia
B) Funaria
C) Selaginella
D) Cycas
Answer: C
Explanation: Selaginella is a pteridophyte.
55. Pteridophytes reproduce by_____________.
A) Seeds
B) Spores
C) Flowers
D) Fruits
Answer: B
Explanation: They are seedless vascular plants, reproducing via spores.
56. In pteridophytes, gametophyte is_____________.
A) Dependent on sporophyte
B) Independent but small
C) Dominant
D) Absent
Answer: B
Explanation: Gametophytes (prothalli) are independent but short-lived.
57. Which pteridophyte shows heterospory?
A) Selaginella and Salvinia
B) Funaria and Marchantia
C) Riccia and Anthoceros
D) Moss and liverwort
Answer: A
Explanation: They produce microspores and megaspores (precursor to seed habit).
58. The term “living fossil” is applied to_____________.
A) Selaginella
B) Psilotum
C) Cycas
D) Funaria
Answer: C
Explanation: Cycas is called a living fossil among gymnosperms.
59. Gymnosperms are_____________.
A) Seedless vascular plants
B) Non-vascular plants
C) Naked seed plants
D) Enclosed seed plants
Answer: C
Explanation: Gymnosperms bear naked seeds not enclosed by fruit.
60. Ovules of gymnosperms are_____________.
A) Naked, not enclosed in ovary
B) Enclosed in fruit
C) Enclosed in flowers
D) Enclosed in sporangia
Answer: A
Explanation: Distinguishing feature of gymnosperms.
61. Examples of gymnosperms are_____________.
A) Pinus, Cycas, Ephedra
B) Selaginella, Salvinia, Fern
C) Funaria, Riccia, Marchantia
D) Mango, wheat, rice
Answer: A
Explanation: These are typical gymnosperms.
62. The dominant phase in gymnosperms is_____________.
A) Gametophyte
B) Sporophyte
C) Both equal
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: Like pteridophytes, gymnosperms have sporophyte dominance.
63. Gymnosperms are mainly pollinated by_____________.
A) Insects
B) Birds
C) Wind
D) Water
Answer: C
Explanation: They are anemophilous (wind-pollinated).
64. Fertilization in gymnosperms occurs by_____________.
A) Motile sperm swimming in water
B) Pollen tube delivering male gametes
C) External fertilization
D) Insects
Answer: B
Explanation: Gymnosperms have siphonogamous fertilization.
65. In Cycas, the male gametes are_____________.
A) Non-motile
B) Motile and ciliated
C) Carried by insects
D) Produced in archegonia
Answer: B
Explanation: Cycas has the largest motile sperms among plants.
66. In Pinus, the male gametes are_____________.
A) Non-motile
B) Motile
C) Water-dependent
D) Algal type
Answer: A
Explanation: Pinus gametes are carried via pollen tube (non-motile).
67. Double fertilization is absent in_____________.
A) Angiosperms
B) Gymnosperms
C) All seed plants
D) Pteridophytes
Answer: B
Explanation: Only angiosperms show double fertilization.
68. The endosperm in gymnosperms is_____________.
A) Haploid
B) Diploid
C) Triploid
D) None
Answer: A
Explanation: Gymnosperm endosperm is haploid, from female gametophyte.
69. The endosperm in angiosperms is_____________.
A) Haploid
B) Diploid
C) Triploid
D) Tetraploid
Answer: C
Explanation: Formed by double fertilization (fusion of male gamete with 2 polar nuclei).
70. Gymnosperms are mainly_____________.
A) Annual herbs
B) Perennial woody trees or shrubs
C) Ephemeral herbs
D) Aquatic herbs
Answer: B
Explanation: Most gymnosperms are large trees like pine, deodar.
71. Which gymnosperm resembles dicotyledonous plants in anatomy?
A) Cycas
B) Pinus
C) Ephedra
D) Ginkgo
Answer: C
Explanation: Ephedra shows features similar to dicotyledons.
72. The tallest gymnosperm is_____________.
A) Cycas
B) Pinus
C) Sequoia (redwood)
D) Ephedra
Answer: C
Explanation: Sequoia is the tallest gymnosperm tree.
73. Evolutionarily, pteridophytes are intermediate between_____________.
A) Algae and bryophytes
B) Bryophytes and seed plants
C) Gymnosperms and angiosperms
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: They bridge the gap between non-vascular bryophytes and seed plants.
74. Evolutionary significance of heterospory is_____________.
A) Development of roots
B) Evolution of seed habit
C) Development of flowers
D) Evolution of alternation of generations
Answer: B
Explanation: Heterospory (two types of spores) led to seed habit in higher plants.
75. The gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba is called_____________.
A) Cycadophyta
B) Living fossil
C) Modern fern
D) Cone-bearing angiosperm
Answer: B
Explanation: Ginkgo is the only living species of its group, hence a living fossil.
76. Angiosperms are also known as_____________.
A) Naked seed plants
B) Enclosed seed plants
C) Seedless vascular plants
D) Non-vascular plants
Answer: B
Explanation: Angiosperms have ovules enclosed within the ovary, which develops into fruit.
77. The dominant phase in angiosperms is_____________.
A) Gametophyte
B) Sporophyte
C) Both equal
D) Haploid phase
Answer: B
Explanation: Sporophyte is large, independent, and dominant in angiosperms.
78. Double fertilization is a characteristic feature of_____________.
A) Gymnosperms
B) Pteridophytes
C) Angiosperms
D) Bryophytes
Answer: C
Explanation: Double fertilization (syngamy + triple fusion) occurs only in angiosperms.
79. The product of triple fusion in angiosperms is_____________.
A) Zygote
B) Haploid endosperm
C) Triploid endosperm
D) Diploid sporophyte
Answer: C
Explanation: Fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei forms triploid endosperm.
80. The male gametophyte of angiosperms is_____________.
A) Anther
B) Pollen grain
C) Stamen
D) Ovule
Answer: B
Explanation: The pollen grain represents the male gametophyte.
81. The female gametophyte of angiosperms is_____________.
A) Ovary
B) Ovule
C) Embryo sac
D) Nucellus
Answer: C
Explanation: The embryo sac is the female gametophyte inside ovule.
82. The embryo sac of angiosperms usually contains_____________.
A) 7 cells, 8 nuclei
B) 8 cells, 8 nuclei
C) 6 cells, 7 nuclei
D) 5 cells, 6 nuclei
Answer: A
Explanation: 1 egg, 2 synergids, 3 antipodals, 1 central cell (2 nuclei).
83. In angiosperms, the endosperm is_____________.
A) Haploid
B) Diploid
C) Triploid
D) Tetraploid
Answer: C
Explanation: Due to fusion of 2 polar nuclei and 1 male gamete.
84. Angiosperms are divided into_____________.
A) Gymnosperms and dicots
B) Dicots and monocots
C) Algae and mosses
D) Herbs and shrubs
Answer: B
Explanation: Based on the number of cotyledons in seeds.
85. Monocots differ from dicots by having_____________.
A) Parallel venation, fibrous roots
B) Reticulate venation, tap root
C) Secondary growth in stem
D) Large cotyledons
Answer: A
Explanation: These are typical monocot features.
86. Dicots usually have_____________.
A) Parallel venation
B) Reticulate venation and tap root
C) Fibrous root system
D) None
Answer: B
Explanation: Dicots have network-like venation and tap root system.
87. Example of monocot is_____________.
A) Pea
B) Wheat
C) Mango
D) Mustard
Answer: B
Explanation: Wheat, rice, maize are monocots.
88. Example of dicot is_____________.
A) Rice
B) Maize
C) Mustard
D) Sugarcane
Answer: C
Explanation: Mustard and pea are dicots.
89. Vessels in xylem are absent in_____________.
A) Gymnosperms
B) Angiosperms
C) Pteridophytes
D) Bryophytes
Answer: A
Explanation: Vessels evolved in angiosperms, gymnosperms have only tracheids.
90. Fruits are characteristic of_____________.
A) Gymnosperms
B) Angiosperms
C) Pteridophytes
D) Bryophytes
Answer: B
Explanation: Fruits develop from fertilized ovary in angiosperms.
91. Smallest angiosperm is_____________.
A) Wolffia
B) Lemna
C) Utricularia
D) Azolla
Answer: A
Explanation: Wolffia is the world’s smallest flowering plant.
92. Largest angiosperm tree is_____________.
A) Eucalyptus
B) Banyan
C) Sequoia
D) Oak
Answer: A
Explanation: Eucalyptus regnans is the tallest angiosperm tree.
93. The pollination in grasses is mainly by_____________.
A) Insects
B) Wind
C) Water
D) Birds
Answer: B
Explanation: Grasses are anemophilous.
94. The largest family of angiosperms is_____________.
A) Orchidaceae
B) Poaceae
C) Fabaceae
D) Asteraceae
Answer: A
Explanation: Orchids form the largest family with 30,000+ species.
95. The second largest family of angiosperms is_____________.
A) Orchidaceae
B) Asteraceae (Compositae)
C) Fabaceae
D) Poaceae
Answer: B
Explanation: Asteraceae includes sunflower, daisy, etc.
96. The family Fabaceae is economically important for_____________.
A) Fruits only
B) Pulses, oil, nitrogen fixation
C) Only wood
D) Flowers only
Answer: B
Explanation: Legumes (Fabaceae) fix nitrogen and provide food.
97. Pollination by insects is called_____________.
A) Anemophily
B) Entomophily
C) Hydrophily
D) Zoophily
Answer: B
Explanation: Insect-pollinated flowers are entomophilous.
98. Pollination by birds is called_____________.
A) Entomophily
B) Anemophily
C) Ornithophily
D) Chiropterophily
Answer: C
Explanation: Bird-pollinated flowers are ornithophilous.
99. Pollination by bats is called_____________.
A) Entomophily
B) Anemophily
C) Chiropterophily
D) Malacophily
Answer: C
Explanation: Bat-pollinated flowers are chiropterophilous.
100. The most advanced group in plant kingdom is_____________.
A) Algae
B) Bryophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
Answer: D
Explanation: Angiosperms show highest evolution – flowers, fruits, double fertilization.