1. Study of plant tissues is called:
a) Histology
b) Cytology
c) Morphology
d) Taxonomy
Answer: a) Histology
Explanation: Histology deals with microscopic study of tissues.
2. Plant tissues are broadly classified into:
a) Xylem and phloem
b) Meristematic and permanent
c) Simple and complex
d) Collenchyma and sclerenchyma
Answer: b) Meristematic and permanent
Explanation: This is the fundamental classification.
3. Meristematic tissues are characterized by:
a) Thin walls, dense cytoplasm, no vacuoles
b) Thick walls, dead cells
c) Lignified cells
d) Large vacuoles
Answer: a) Thin walls, dense cytoplasm, no vacuoles
4. Meristematic tissues are responsible for:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Growth in plants
c) Water conduction
d) Food conduction
Answer: b) Growth in plants
5. Apical meristems occur at:
a) Tips of root and shoot
b) Base of stem
c) In between permanent tissue
d) In leaves only
Answer: a) Tips of root and shoot
Explanation: Responsible for primary growth.
6. Intercalary meristem is found at:
a) Node and base of internode
b) Root tip
c) Leaf apex
d) Stem apex only
Answer: a) Node and base of internode
Explanation: Found in grasses, responsible for regrowth after grazing.
7. Lateral meristems are responsible for:
a) Primary growth
b) Secondary growth
c) Root elongation
d) Leaf fall
Answer: b) Secondary growth
8. Vascular cambium and cork cambium are examples of:
a) Apical meristem
b) Intercalary meristem
c) Lateral meristem
d) Permanent tissue
Answer: c) Lateral meristem
9. Which meristem is responsible for increase in thickness of stem/root?
a) Apical meristem
b) Lateral meristem
c) Intercalary meristem
d) None
Answer: b) Lateral meristem
10. Permanent tissues originate from:
a) Apical meristem
b) Lateral meristem
c) Differentiation of meristematic cells
d) Root hairs
Answer: c) Differentiation of meristematic cells
11. Dedifferentiation is:
a) Conversion of permanent tissue into meristematic tissue
b) Conversion of meristematic into permanent
c) Cell death
d) Photosynthesis in parenchyma
Answer: a) Conversion of permanent tissue into meristematic tissue
12. Redifferentiation means:
a) Permanent tissue → Meristematic
b) Meristematic → Permanent tissue with specific function
c) Cell death
d) Mutation in tissue
Answer: b) Meristematic → Permanent tissue with specific function
13. Meristematic cells divide by:
a) Meiosis
b) Mitosis
c) Amitosis
d) Both mitosis and meiosis
Answer: b) Mitosis
14. Root apical meristem is protected by:
a) Root cap
b) Root hair
c) Cork
d) Pericycle
Answer: a) Root cap
15. Shoot apical meristem is protected by:
a) Leaf primordia
b) Root cap
c) Cork
d) Cotyledons
Answer: a) Leaf primordia
16. Cells of meristematic tissue contain:
a) Dense cytoplasm and prominent nucleus
b) Large vacuoles
c) Dead protoplasm
d) Lignified walls
Answer: a) Dense cytoplasm and prominent nucleus
17. The term “meristem” was coined by:
a) Hanstein
b) Strasburger
c) Haberlandt
d) Grew
Answer: a) Hanstein (1868)
18. Pericycle shows:
a) Primary growth
b) Secondary growth in roots
c) Photosynthesis
d) Storage of food
Answer: b) Secondary growth in roots
19. Cork cambium produces:
a) Xylem and phloem
b) Cork cells and secondary cortex
c) Pith
d) Endodermis
Answer: b) Cork cells and secondary cortex
20. Xylem and phloem are produced by:
a) Apical meristem
b) Intercalary meristem
c) Vascular cambium
d) Cork cambium
Answer: c) Vascular cambium
21. Meristematic tissues are absent in:
a) Animals
b) Plants
c) Fungi
d) Bacteria
Answer: a) Animals
Explanation: Growth in animals is not due to meristems.
22. Interfascicular cambium is:
a) Primary meristem
b) Secondary meristem
c) Permanent tissue
d) None
Answer: b) Secondary meristem
23. Apical dominance in plants is due to:
a) Cytokinins
b) Gibberellins
c) Auxins
d) Abscisic acid
Answer: c) Auxins
24. Example of intercalary meristem:
a) Sugarcane
b) Pea
c) Mango
d) Mustard
Answer: a) Sugarcane
25. Which statement is NOT true about meristematic tissues?
a) Cells have dense cytoplasm
b) Cells divide actively
c) Cells are dead
d) Cells lack vacuoles
Answer: c) Cells are dead
Explanation: Meristematic cells are always living.
26. Permanent tissues are formed by:
a) Meristematic cells differentiating
b) Root hairs
c) Cork cambium only
d) Dead xylem
Answer: a) Meristematic cells differentiating
Explanation: Meristematic cells stop dividing and become specialized permanent tissues.
27. Permanent tissues are of how many main types?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: c) Three
Explanation: (i) Simple, (ii) Complex, (iii) Special/secretory.
28. Which of the following is a simple permanent tissue?
a) Xylem
b) Phloem
c) Parenchyma
d) Cambium
Answer: c) Parenchyma
29. Parenchyma cells are usually:
a) Dead, lignified
b) Living, thin-walled
c) Thick-walled and dead
d) Dead with pits
Answer: b) Living, thin-walled
Explanation: Parenchyma cells have thin cellulose walls, store food, and can photosynthesize.
30. Parenchyma with chloroplasts is called:
a) Collenchyma
b) Aerenchyma
c) Chlorenchyma
d) Sclerenchyma
Answer: c) Chlorenchyma
31. Parenchyma with large air spaces is called:
a) Collenchyma
b) Aerenchyma
c) Chlorenchyma
d) Sclerenchyma
Answer: b) Aerenchyma
Explanation: Aerenchyma helps in buoyancy in aquatic plants.
32. Which simple permanent tissue provides mechanical support and flexibility?
a) Parenchyma
b) Collenchyma
c) Sclerenchyma
d) Phloem
Answer: b) Collenchyma
33. Cell wall thickening in collenchyma is due to:
a) Lignin
b) Cellulose and pectin
c) Suberin
d) Chitin
Answer: b) Cellulose and pectin
34. Sclerenchyma cells are:
a) Living with thin walls
b) Dead with lignified thick walls
c) Dead with thin walls
d) Living with chloroplasts
Answer: b) Dead with lignified thick walls
35. Two types of sclerenchyma cells are:
a) Tracheids and vessels
b) Fibres and sclereids
c) Parenchyma and collenchyma
d) Cambium and phloem
Answer: b) Fibres and sclereids
36. Coconut husk is composed of:
a) Parenchyma
b) Collenchyma
c) Sclerenchyma fibres
d) Xylem
Answer: c) Sclerenchyma fibres
37. Gritty texture in guava/pear is due to:
a) Fibres
b) Sclereids (stone cells)
c) Parenchyma
d) Collenchyma
Answer: b) Sclereids (stone cells)
38. Which of the following is a complex permanent tissue?
a) Parenchyma
b) Collenchyma
c) Xylem
d) Sclerenchyma
Answer: c) Xylem
39. Xylem is mainly responsible for:
a) Transport of food
b) Transport of water and minerals
c) Photosynthesis
d) Secretion
Answer: b) Transport of water and minerals
40. Phloem is mainly responsible for:
a) Transport of water
b) Transport of food
c) Transport of minerals
d) Storage of starch
Answer: b) Transport of food
41. The four elements of xylem are:
a) Tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres
b) Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, phloem parenchyma
c) Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, fibres
d) Cambium, cork, cortex, pith
Answer: a) Tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres
42. The chief water-conducting element in angiosperms is:
a) Tracheids
b) Vessels
c) Fibres
d) Phloem
Answer: b) Vessels
43. The chief water-conducting element in gymnosperms is:
a) Tracheids
b) Vessels
c) Fibres
d) Parenchyma
Answer: a) Tracheids
44. Xylem parenchyma is:
a) Dead
b) Living
c) Lignified
d) Mechanical only
Answer: b) Living
Explanation: Xylem parenchyma stores food and assists in lateral conduction.
45. Which xylem element is absent in most gymnosperms?
a) Tracheids
b) Vessels
c) Fibres
d) Parenchyma
Answer: b) Vessels
46. The elements of phloem are:
a) Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, phloem parenchyma
b) Tracheids, vessels, fibres, parenchyma
c) Cambium, cork, pith, cortex
d) Guard cells, epidermis, cork, sclereids
Answer: a) Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, phloem parenchyma
47. Sieve tubes are living because:
a) They have nuclei
b) They are supported by companion cells
c) They are lignified
d) They contain chloroplasts
Answer: b) They are supported by companion cells
48. Phloem fibres are:
a) Living
b) Dead
c) Photosynthetic
d) Storage cells
Answer: b) Dead
Explanation: Phloem fibres (bast fibres) are elongated, lignified, and used in jute.
49. Which phloem element is absent in gymnosperms?
a) Phloem parenchyma
b) Companion cells
c) Sieve cells
d) Fibres
Answer: b) Companion cells
Explanation: Gymnosperms have sieve cells instead of sieve tubes and lack companion cells.
50. Bast fibres are obtained from:
a) Phloem
b) Xylem
c) Pith
d) Cortex
Answer: a) Phloem
Explanation: Phloem fibres provide commercial fibres like jute, flax, hemp.
51. The outermost protective layer in young plant parts is:
a) Cortex
b) Epidermis
c) Pericycle
d) Endodermis
Answer: b) Epidermis
Explanation: Epidermis is a single cell layer providing protection.
52. Cuticle on epidermis is made of:
a) Lignin
b) Cutin (waxy substance)
c) Suberin
d) Pectin
Answer: b) Cutin (waxy substance)
Explanation: Prevents water loss and provides protection.
53. Small pores on epidermis for gaseous exchange are:
a) Lenticels
b) Stomata
c) Hydathodes
d) Trichomes
Answer: b) Stomata
54. Guard cells controlling stomatal opening are:
a) Living
b) Dead
c) Lignified
d) Non-functional
Answer: a) Living
55. Trichomes are:
a) Root hairs
b) Epidermal outgrowths
c) Xylem elements
d) Phloem fibres
Answer: b) Epidermal outgrowths
Explanation: They reduce transpiration and protect from herbivores.
56. The main tissue of cortex is:
a) Collenchyma
b) Parenchyma
c) Sclerenchyma
d) Phloem
Answer: b) Parenchyma
57. The innermost layer of cortex is:
a) Endodermis
b) Pericycle
c) Phloem
d) Cambium
Answer: a) Endodermis
Explanation: It regulates flow of water and minerals into vascular tissues.
58. Casparian strips in endodermis are made of:
a) Lignin
b) Cutin
c) Suberin
d) Pectin
Answer: c) Suberin
59. Pericycle is located:
a) Inside epidermis
b) Inside endodermis, around vascular bundles
c) Around pith
d) Around cuticle
Answer: b) Inside endodermis, around vascular bundles
60. In dicot stem, vascular bundles are:
a) Scattered
b) In a ring
c) Absent
d) In parallel rows
Answer: b) In a ring
Explanation: Helps in secondary growth.
61. In monocot stem, vascular bundles are:
a) Scattered
b) In a ring
c) Absent
d) Radial
Answer: a) Scattered
Explanation: Monocot stems lack cambium and secondary growth.
62. Vascular bundles in dicot stem are:
a) Open and collateral
b) Closed and collateral
c) Radial
d) Conjoint and closed
Answer: a) Open and collateral
Explanation: Open bundles have cambium (allowing secondary growth).
63. Vascular bundles in monocot stem are:
a) Open
b) Closed
c) With cambium
d) In a ring
Answer: b) Closed
Explanation: No cambium, hence no secondary growth.
64. Pith is prominent in:
a) Dicot stem
b) Monocot stem
c) Dicot root
d) Monocot root
Answer: a) Dicot stem
65. Pith is absent or reduced in:
a) Dicot stem
b) Monocot stem
c) Dicot leaf
d) Monocot leaf
Answer: b) Monocot stem
66. Vascular bundles in dicot root are:
a) 2–6 (polyarch)
b) Many (polyarch)
c) Scattered
d) Concentric
Answer: a) 2–6 (diarch to hexarch)
67. Vascular bundles in monocot root are:
a) 2–6 (diarch to hexarch)
b) Many (polyarch)
c) Scattered
d) Concentric
Answer: b) Many (polyarch)
68. Exarch xylem condition is found in:
a) Stem
b) Root
c) Leaf
d) Pith
Answer: b) Root
Explanation: In exarch, protoxylem lies towards periphery (common in roots).
69. Endarch xylem condition is found in:
a) Root
b) Stem
c) Leaf
d) Pericycle
Answer: b) Stem
Explanation: In endarch, protoxylem lies towards centre (stems).
70. Secondary growth is present in:
a) Dicot stem and root
b) Monocot stem and root
c) Leaf only
d) All plants equally
Answer: a) Dicot stem and root
71. Secondary growth is absent in:
a) Dicot stem
b) Dicot root
c) Monocot stem
d) Dicot leaf
Answer: c) Monocot stem
72. In dicot root, vascular bundles are arranged:
a) Scattered
b) Radially
c) In ring
d) Concentric
Answer: b) Radially
73. In dicot stem, vascular bundles are arranged:
a) Scattered
b) Radially
c) In ring (collateral, open)
d) Polyarch
Answer: c) In ring (collateral, open)
74. In leaf, vascular bundles are:
a) Collateral and closed
b) Radial
c) Open
d) Concentric
Answer: a) Collateral and closed
Explanation: Vascular bundles in leaves lack cambium, hence no secondary growth.
75. Bulliform cells are present in:
a) Dicot leaf
b) Monocot leaf (upper epidermis)
c) Root epidermis
d) Stem cortex
Answer: b) Monocot leaf (upper epidermis)
Explanation: Bulliform cells help in rolling and unrolling of monocot leaves.
76. Growth in girth of dicot stems is due to activity of:
a) Apical meristem
b) Vascular cambium and cork cambium
c) Pericycle
d) Phloem
Answer: b) Vascular cambium and cork cambium
Explanation: Both lateral meristems bring about secondary growth.
77. Annual rings in woody plants are formed due to:
a) Apical meristem activity
b) Secondary xylem formed by vascular cambium
c) Cork cambium activity
d) Pith parenchyma
Answer: b) Secondary xylem formed by vascular cambium
78. Heartwood differs from sapwood in:
a) Function
b) Colour
c) Hardness
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Heartwood is darker, non-functional, lignified; sapwood is lighter and functional.
79. Lenticels are involved in:
a) Transpiration
b) Secondary growth
c) Gaseous exchange in woody stems
d) Food conduction
Answer: c) Gaseous exchange in woody stems
80. Periderm consists of:
a) Epidermis
b) Cork cambium, cork, and secondary cortex
c) Pith, cortex, phloem
d) Xylem and phloem
Answer: b) Cork cambium, cork, and secondary cortex
81. Bark of a tree is:
a) Only cork
b) All tissues outside vascular cambium
c) Only phloem
d) Xylem and phloem together
Answer: b) All tissues outside vascular cambium
82. Early wood is:
a) Formed in spring, less dense, larger vessels
b) Formed in winter, dense and narrow vessels
c) Formed in root apex
d) Dead part of xylem
Answer: a) Formed in spring, less dense, larger vessels
83. Late wood is:
a) Formed in summer/winter, dense with thick-walled vessels
b) Formed in spring
c) Found in pith
d) Dead cortex
Answer: a) Formed in summer/winter, dense with thick-walled vessels
84. Sapwood is also called:
a) Active xylem
b) Dead xylem
c) Periderm
d) Phellem
Answer: a) Active xylem
85. Heartwood is also called:
a) Active wood
b) Dead, non-functional wood
c) Pericycle
d) Cambial wood
Answer: b) Dead, non-functional wood
86. Cork cells are:
a) Living, thin-walled
b) Dead, suberized, protective
c) Lignified, dead
d) Photosynthetic
Answer: b) Dead, suberized, protective
87. Which tissue is also known as bast fibres?
a) Xylem fibres
b) Phloem fibres
c) Collenchyma
d) Sclereids
Answer: b) Phloem fibres
88. The commercial fibre jute is obtained from:
a) Phloem of stem
b) Xylem of root
c) Leaf mesophyll
d) Pith of stem
Answer: a) Phloem of stem
89. Cork cambium is also known as:
a) Phellogen
b) Phellem
c) Phelloderm
d) Endodermis
Answer: a) Phellogen
90. Cork is also known as:
a) Phellogen
b) Phellem
c) Phelloderm
d) Cambium
Answer: b) Phellem
91. Secondary cortex produced by cork cambium is called:
a) Phellogen
b) Phellem
c) Phelloderm
d) Endodermis
Answer: c) Phelloderm
92. The function of pericycle in roots is:
a) Primary growth
b) Origin of lateral roots
c) Photosynthesis
d) Secondary thickening only
Answer: b) Origin of lateral roots
93. Which plant shows anomalous secondary growth?
a) Sunflower
b) Maize
c) Dracaena
d) Mustard
Answer: c) Dracaena
Explanation: Secondary growth in monocots like Dracaena is abnormal.
94. Secondary xylem forms towards:
a) Outside
b) Inside
c) Pericycle
d) Cork
Answer: b) Inside
95. Secondary phloem forms towards:
a) Inside
b) Outside
c) Pith
d) Medullary rays
Answer: b) Outside
96. Wood is actually:
a) Xylem
b) Phloem
c) Cambium
d) Cortex
Answer: a) Xylem
97. The annual rings are useful in:
a) Identifying plant family
b) Age determination of plant
c) Photosynthesis
d) Storage of food
Answer: b) Age determination of plant
98. Which one of the following is NOT a complex tissue?
a) Xylem
b) Phloem
c) Cambium
d) None
Answer: c) Cambium
Explanation: Cambium is meristematic, not a permanent complex tissue.
99. What is the main function of companion cells in phloem?
a) Provide mechanical support
b) Assist sieve tube elements in translocation of food
c) Store starch
d) Help in transpiration
Answer: b) Assist sieve tube elements in translocation of food
100. Which of the following tissues is NOT dead at maturity?
a) Sclerenchyma
b) Cork
c) Phloem fibres
d) Collenchyma
Answer: d) Collenchyma
Explanation: Collenchyma cells remain living, unlike sclerenchyma and cork.