1. The reproductive unit of angiosperms is ____________.
A) Leaf
B) Stem
C) Flower
D) Fruit
Answer: C
Explanation: Flower is the reproductive organ in angiosperms.
2. Male reproductive organ of flower is ____________.
A) Carpel
B) Androecium
C) Gynoecium
D) Ovule
Answer: B
Explanation: Androecium consists of stamens producing pollen.
3. Female reproductive organ of flower is ____________.
A) Carpel (Gynoecium)
B) Stamen
C) Anther
D) Sepal
Answer: A
Explanation: The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower and represents the female reproductive system. Its individual unit is called a carpel (or pistil).
4. Pollen grains are produced in ____________.
A) Ovary
B) Anther
C) Stigma
D) Style
Answer: B
Explanation: Pollen grains are the male gametophytes of flowering plants and are produced within the anther, which is the fertile, often bulbous part of the stamen (the male reproductive organ).
5. Microsporangia are present in ____________.
A) Ovule
B) Anther lobes
C) Stigma
D) Style
Answer: B
Explanation: Each anther has four microsporangia.
6. The functional unit of anther producing pollen is ____________.
A) Locule
B) Microsporangium
C) Megasporangium
D) Nucellus
Answer: B
Explanation: the microsporangium is the technical name for the pollen sac found within the anther. It is the functional unit where the development of pollen grains (microsporogenesis) occurs.
7. Tapetum in anther helps in ____________.
A) Nutrition of developing pollen
B) Protection
C) Pollen dispersal
D) Seed formation
Answer: A
Explanation: The tapetum is the innermost layer of the anther wall. It is a highly specialized tissue that plays a critical role in the healthy development of pollen grains.
8. Pollen grains are made up of ____________.
A) Cellulose
B) Pectin
C) Sporopollenin
D) Lignin
Answer: C
Explanation: Extremely resistant biopolymer in exine wall.
9. Sporopollenin is absent at ____________.
A) Germ pore
B) Exine
C) Intine
D) Tapetum
Answer: A
Explanation: Sporopollenin is one of the most resistant organic materials known to man; it can withstand high temperatures and strong acids/alkalis, and no enzyme that degrades it has been found yet.
10. Intine of pollen grain is made of ____________.
A) Lignin
B) Cellulose and pectin
C) Sporopollenin
D) Suberin
Answer: B
Explanation: The intine is the inner wall of a pollen grain. Unlike the tough, sculptured outer layer (exine), the intine is a thin, delicate, and continuous layer.
11. Male gametes are carried in ____________.
A) Style
B) Ovule
C) Pollen grain
D) Nucellus
Answer: C
Explanation: The pollen grain is the male gametophyte of flowering plants. Its primary job is to carry and protect the male gametes as they travel from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another.
12. Viability of pollen grain depends on ____________.
A) Species
B) Temperature
C) Humidity
D) All of these
Answer: D
Explanation: The viability of a pollen grain refers to its ability to germinate and deliver male gametes to the embryo sac. This period is not constant and is influenced by both internal (genetic) and external (environmental) factors.
13. In angiosperms, microsporogenesis forms ____________.
A) Ovules
B) Megaspores
C) Pollen grains
D) Embryo sac
Answer: C
Explanation: Microsporogenesis is the process by which haploid microspores are formed from a diploid pollen mother cell (PMC) through meiosis. These microspores then mature into pollen grains.
14. Megasporogenesis leads to formation of ____________.
A) Pollen
B) Megaspore
C) Anther
D) Tapetum
Answer: B
Explanation: Megasporogenesis is the biological process by which a diploid cell called the megaspore mother cell (MMC) undergoes meiosis to produce haploid megaspores.
15. Functional megaspore develops into ____________.
A) Embryo sac
B) Pollen grain
C) Endosperm
D) Ovary
Answer: A
Explanation: The functional megaspore is the single survivor of the four megaspores produced during megasporogenesis. It undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to develop into the female gametophyte, which is commonly known as the embryo sac.
16. Number of cells in a typical embryo sac is ____________.
A) 4
B) 7
C) 8
D) 12
Answer: B
Explanation: 7 cells but 8 nuclei (egg cell, 2 synergids, 3 antipodals, 2 polar nuclei).
17. Egg apparatus consists of ____________.
A) 1 egg cell + 2 synergids
B) 2 polar nuclei
C) 3 antipodals
D) Zygote
Answer: A
Explanation: The egg apparatus is a group of three cells located at the micropylar end of the mature embryo sac (the female gametophyte). It is the most critical part of the embryo sac for reproduction because it contains the female gamete.
18. Filiform apparatus is present in ____________.
A) Egg cell
B) Synergids
C) Polar nuclei
D) Antipodals
Answer: B
Explanation: Guides pollen tube into the embryo sac.
19. The female gametophyte in angiosperms is ____________.
A) Ovary
B) Ovule
C) Embryo sac
D) Egg cell
Answer: C
Explanation: In angiosperms (flowering plants), the embryo sac is the multicellular structure that represents the female gametophyte. It develops within the ovule and houses the female gametes.
20. In Polygonum type embryo sac development, out of four megaspores ____________.
A) One is functional, three degenerate
B) All four functional
C) Two functional, two degenerate
D) Three functional, one degenerate
Answer: A
Explanation: In the Polygonum type of embryo sac development, which is the most common type found in over 70% of angiosperms, the process follows a specific pattern of monosporic development.
21. Number of microspores produced by one meiocyte (PMC) ____________.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) Many
Answer: C
Explanation: Each diploid PMC undergoes meiosis to form four haploid microspores.
22. Ovule is attached to placenta by ____________.
A) Funicle
B) Micropyle
C) Hilum
D) Nucellus
Answer: A
Explanation: The funicle is the stalk that attaches the ovule to the placenta. It serves as the primary conduit for nutrients and water between the mother plant and the developing ovule.
23. Opening through which pollen tube enters ovule ____________.
A) Hilum
B) Chalaza
C) Micropyle
D) Integument
Answer: C
Explanation: The micropyle is a small pore or opening at the apex of the ovule where the integuments (protective layers) do not fully meet.
24. Integuments of ovule form ____________.
A) Embryo sac
B) Seed coat
C) Endosperm
D) Hilum
Answer: B
Explanation: The integuments are the protective outer layers of the ovule.
25. Nucellus is equivalent to ____________.
A) Ovule wall
B) Megasporangium
C) Endosperm
D) Zygote
Answer: B
Explanation: The nucellus is the central, multicelled part of the ovule. It represents the megasporangium because it is the tissue where the megaspore mother cell develops and undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores.
26. Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma is called ____________.
A) Fertilization
B) Pollination
C) Germination
D) Hybridization
Answer: B
Explanation: Pollination is the first step in sexual reproduction.
27. Pollination within the same flower is called ____________.
A) Geitonogamy
B) Autogamy
C) Xenogamy
D) Cross-pollination
Answer: B
Explanation: When pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower, it is specifically known as autogamy.
28. Pollination between different flowers of the same plant is ____________.
A) Geitonogamy
B) Autogamy
C) Xenogamy
D) Cleistogamy
Answer: A
Explanation: geitonogamy is genetically considered self-pollination because both flowers belong to the same parent plant and share the same genetic makeup. The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same plant.
29. Pollination between flowers of two different plants is ____________.
A) Autogamy
B) Xenogamy
C) Geitonogamy
D) Cleistogamy
Answer: B
Explanation: Xenogamy is the only type of pollination that is genetically and functionally a form of cross-pollination. It involves the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one plant to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species.
30. Which type of pollination introduces genetic variation?
A) Autogamy
B) Geitonogamy
C) Xenogamy
D) Cleistogamy
Answer: C
Explanation: Cross-pollination results in variation.
31. Pollination by wind is called ____________.
A) Entomophily
B) Anemophily
C) Hydrophily
D) Zoophily
Answer: B
Explanation: Anemophily (from the Greek anemos, meaning wind) refers to the process where pollen is distributed by air currents. This is a common form of abiotic pollination, especially in grasses and many trees.
32. Pollination by water is called ____________.
A) Hydrophily
B) Entomophily
C) Zoophily
D) Ornithophily
Answer: A
Explanation: Hydrophily (from the Greek hydro, meaning water) is a relatively rare form of pollination, occurring in only about 30 genera of aquatic plants, mostly monocotyledons. In these plants, water acts as the vector to transport pollen grains to the stigma.
33. Pollination by insects is termed ____________.
A) Hydrophily
B) Entomophily
C) Zoophily
D) Anemophily
Answer: B
Explanation: Entomophily (from the Greek entomon, meaning insect) is a form of pollination where pollen grains are distributed by insects, such as bees, butterflies, moths, beetles, and flies. This is the most common type of biotic pollination.
34. Pollination by birds is ____________.
A) Entomophily
B) Zoophily
C) Ornithophily
D) Anemophily
Answer: C
Explanation: Ornithophily (from the Greek ornis/ornithos, meaning bird) is the process of pollination where birds serve as the primary carriers of pollen.
35. Pollination by bats is called ____________.
A) Entomophily
B) Ornithophily
C) Chiropterophily
D) Zoophily
Answer: C
Explanation: Chiropterophily (derived from Chiroptera, the biological order of bats) is a specialized form of pollination where bats act as the primary pollinators.
36. Pollination by snails is termed ____________.
A) Hydrophily
B) Malacophily
C) Chiropterophily
D) Ornithophily
Answer: B
Explanation: Malacophily (derived from the Greek malakos, meaning soft, referring to the soft-bodied mollusks) is the pollination of plants by snails and slugs.
37. Which plant shows water pollination?
A) Vallisneria
B) Wheat
C) Maize
D) Mango
Answer: A
Explanation: Vallisneria (commonly known as eelgrass) is a classic example of an aquatic plant that uses water as a vector for pollination, a process known as hydrophily.
38. Cleistogamous flowers ensure ____________.
A) Cross-pollination
B) Self-pollination
C) Pollination by water
D) Pollination by birds
Answer: B
Explanation: cleistogamous flowers ensure a type of self-pollination called autogamy.
39. Example of cleistogamous flower ____________.
A) Oxalis
B) Vallisneria
C) Maize
D) Wheat
Answer: A
Explanation: These are the flowers that never open. They are usually found lower on the plant or even underground. Plants like Oxalis, Viola (common pansy), and Commelina are unique because they produce two different types of flowers on the same plant.
40. Which adaptation favors anemophily?
A) Large, colored petals
B) Fragrance and nectar
C) Light, dry pollen grains
D) Sticky pollen
Answer: C
Explanation: Anemophily (wind pollination) is a passive process that relies on air currents to move pollen from one plant to another.
41. Hydrophilous plants often produce pollen grains that are ____________.
A) Light and dry
B) Heavy and sticky
C) Thread-like and mucilaginous
D) With air bladders
Answer: C
Explanation: Hydrophilous plants (water-pollinated) have developed unique structural and chemical adaptations to ensure their pollen can travel effectively through or on top of water without being damaged.
42. Entomophilous flowers are generally ____________.
A) Small and inconspicuous
B) Fragrant, colorful, nectar-producing
C) Floating in water
D) Light and dry
Answer: B
Explanation: Entomophilous flowers (insect-pollinated) are specifically adapted to attract living vectors like bees, butterflies, and moths.
43. Pollination by animals is generally termed ____________.
A) Zoophily
B) Hydrophily
C) Anemophily
D) Autogamy
Answer: A
Explanation: Zoophily (from the Greek zoion, meaning animal) is a broad term that encompasses all forms of pollination where the pollen is transferred by animals. This includes vertebrates like birds and bats, as well as invertebrates like insects and snails.
44. Pollination in maize is ____________.
A) Hydrophily
B) Anemophily
C) Entomophily
D) Autogamy
Answer: B
Explanation: Maize (Zea mays) is one of the best-known examples of wind pollination.
45. Advantage of cross-pollination ____________.
A) No variation
B) Promotes genetic variation and adaptability
C) Leads to homozygosity
D) Ensures pure line
Answer: B
Explanation: Cross-pollination (xenogamy) is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one plant to the stigma of a different plant of the same species. This process is fundamentally important for the survival and evolution of plant species.
46. A device that prevents autogamy but allows geitonogamy is ____________.
A) Cleistogamy
B) Dioecy
C) Dichogamy
D) Herkogamy
Answer: C
Explanation: Male and female organs mature at different times.
47. Unisexuality in plants promotes ____________.
A) Autogamy
B) Cross-pollination
C) Apomixis
D) Cleistogamy
Answer: B
Explanation: Unisexuality (also known as dicliny) is a condition where a flower possesses either stamens (male) or carpels (female), but not both.
48. Herkogamy is ____________.
A) Temporal separation of sex organs
B) Physical barrier between sex organs
C) Apomictic reproduction
D) Self-pollination
Answer: B
Explanation: Herkogamy (from the Greek herkos, meaning “barrier”) is a structural adaptation in bisexual (hermaphroditic) flowers where the anther and stigma are physically separated.
49. Dichogamy prevents ____________.
A) Cross-pollination
B) Autogamy
C) Geitonogamy
D) Xenogamy
Answer: B
Explanation: Dichogamy (from the Greek dikho, meaning “apart” and gamous, meaning “marriage”) is a reproductive strategy in plants where the male and female reproductive organs of a bisexual flower mature at different times. This temporal separation is an “outbreeding device” specifically designed to prevent autogamy (self-pollination within the same flower).
50. Double fertilization was discovered by ____________.
A) Strasburger
B) Nawaschin
C) Guignard
D) Both b and c
Answer: D
Explanation: Nawaschin and Guignard independently discovered double fertilization in 1898.
51. The entry of pollen tube into ovule is called ____________.
A) Fertilization
B) Syngamy
C) Porogamy
D) Pollination
Answer: C
Explanation: When pollen tube enters through micropyle, it is porogamy.
52. Entry of pollen tube through integument is ____________.
A) Porogamy
B) Chalazogamy
C) Mesogamy
D) Endogamy
Answer: C
Explanation: Mesogamy is the process where the pollen tube enters the ovule through the integuments (the protective layers of the ovule) or the funiculus (the stalk of the ovule).
53. Entry of pollen tube through chalaza is ____________.
A) Porogamy
B) Mesogamy
C) Chalazogamy
D) Syngamy
Answer: C
Explanation: Chalazogamy is a specialized mode of fertilization where the pollen tube enters the ovule through the chalaza (the basal part of the ovule located opposite the micropyle). This process was first discovered by the botanist Melchior Treub in 1891.
54. The fusion of male gamete with egg cell is called ____________.
A) Triple fusion
B) Syngamy
C) Fertilization
D) Double fertilization
Answer: B
Explanation: the term syngamy refers precisely to the fusion of one haploid male gamete with a haploid egg cell to form a diploid zygote.
55. The fusion of male gamete with two polar nuclei is called ____________.
A) Syngamy
B) Triple fusion
C) Autogamy
D) Zygote formation
Answer: B
Explanation: Triple Fusion is a unique process that occurs within the embryo sac. It involves the fusion of three haploid nuclei,which is why it is called “triple” fusion.
56. Double fertilization in angiosperms means ____________.
A) Fusion of two pollen grains
B) Fusion of two eggs
C) Syngamy + Triple fusion
D) Two syngamies
Answer: C
Explanation: Double fertilization is a unique and characteristic feature of angiosperms (flowering plants). It involves two distinct fusion events occurring simultaneously within the embryo sac after the pollen tube releases its two male gametes.
57. Endosperm nucleus is formed by ____________.
A) Syngamy
B) Triple fusion
C) Autogamy
D) Pollination
Answer: B
Explanation: Fusion of male gamete with two polar nuclei forms triploid endosperm nucleus.
58. After fertilization, ovary develops into ____________.
A) Seed
B) Fruit
C) Embryo
D) Endosperm
Answer: B
Explanation: In flowering plants, the process of fertilization triggers a series of transformations within the flower. The ovary undergoes significant changes to become the structure that protects and aids in the dispersal of the seeds.
59. After fertilization, ovule develops into ____________.
A) Fruit
B) Seed
C) Pericarp
D) Embryo sac
Answer: B
Explanation: the ovule undergoes several developmental changes to become a seed. During this transformation, the integuments (protective layers) of the ovule harden to form the seed coat, and the zygote inside the ovule develops into the embryo.
60. The zygote develops into ____________.
A) Seed coat
B) Endosperm
C) Embryo
D) Pericarp
Answer: C
Explanation: The zygote is the first diploid ($2n$) cell formed by the fusion of a male gamete and an egg cell (syngamy).
61. Endosperm provides ____________.
A) Water
B) Nutrition to developing embryo
C) Oxygen
D) Protection
Answer: B
Explanation: The endosperm is a specialized tissue formed during double fertilization in angiosperms.
62. Endosperm in angiosperms is usually ____________.
A) Haploid
B) Diploid
C) Triploid
D) Tetraploid
Answer: C
Explanation: In angiosperms, the endosperm is triploid ($3n$) because it is the product of triple fusion.
63. Zygote is ____________.
A) Haploid
B) Diploid
C) Triploid
D) Polyploid
Answer: B
Explanation: A zygote is a single cell formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes—one male gamete ($n$) and one female gamete ($n$). Because it contains two complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent), it is technically described as diploid ($2n$).
64. Endosperm development begins ____________.
A) Before fertilization
B) Simultaneously with fertilization
C) After fertilization
D) Before pollination
Answer: C
Explanation: the development of the endosperm is triggered by double fertilization, specifically the event known as triple fusion.
65. Which type of endosperm is most common?
A) Nuclear type
B) Cellular type
C) Helobial type
D) Free-nuclear + cellular
Answer: A
Explanation: Nuclear endosperm (also known as free-nuclear endosperm) is the most common type of endosperm development, found in approximately 56% of angiosperm families.
66. Cellular type of endosperm is found in ____________.
A) Coconut
B) Datura
C) Petunia
D) Balsam
Answer: D
Explanation: In the cellular type of endosperm, every nuclear division (karyokinesis) of the Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) is immediately followed by the formation of a cell wall (cytokinesis).
67. Free-nuclear type of endosperm is found in ____________.
A) Balsam
B) Coconut (water & jelly)
C) Petunia
D) Maize
Answer: B
Explanation: The free-nuclear type of endosperm is the most common form of endosperm development in angiosperms. It occurs when the Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) undergoes repeated mitotic divisions without immediate cell wall formation (cytokinesis).
68. Helobial type of endosperm is found in ____________.
A) Monocots (e.g., Asphodelus)
B) Dicots
C) Gymnosperms
D) Bryophytes
Answer: A
Explanation: Helobial endosperm is a unique, intermediate type of endosperm development that is predominantly found in the monocotyledons, particularly in the order Helobiales (from which it gets its name).
69. The outer covering of seed is ____________.
A) Endosperm
B) Pericarp
C) Seed coat
D) Integuments
Answer: C
Explanation: The seed coat is the protective outer layer of a seed. It is formed from the integuments of the ovule after fertilization has taken place.
70. In dicot seeds, food is stored in ____________.
A) Endosperm
B) Cotyledons
C) Radicle
D) Plumule
Answer: B
Explanation: In most dicot seeds (like peas, beans, and grams), the endosperm is completely consumed by the developing embryo before the seed matures.
71. In monocot seeds, food is stored in ____________.
A) Cotyledon
B) Endosperm
C) Plumule
D) Radicle
Answer: B
Explanation: In monocot seeds (like maize, wheat, rice, and barley), the embryo does not consume the endosperm during its development.
72. Perisperm is ____________.
A) Persistent nucellus in seed
B) Persistent endosperm
C) Persistent integument
D) Persistent funicle
Answer: A
Explanation: In most seeds, the nucellus (the central cellular mass of the ovule) is completely consumed by the developing embryo and endosperm.
73. Example of perispermic seed is ____________.
A) Maize
B) Black pepper
C) Castor
D) Pea
Answer: B
Explanation: A perispermic seed is one in which the nucellus persists in the mature seed as a nutritive tissue called the perisperm.
74. Pericarp develops from ____________.
A) Ovule wall
B) Ovary wall
C) Seed coat
D) Endosperm
Answer: B
Explanation: In the biological process of fruit formation, the ovary of the flower matures into the fruit, and the wall of that ovary transforms into the pericarp (the fruit wall).
75. Double fertilization is unique to ____________.
A) Gymnosperms
B) Angiosperms
C) Pteridophytes
D) Bryophytes
Answer: B
Explanation: Double fertilization is a defining and unique characteristic of flowering plants (angiosperms).
76. Seed formation occurs after ____________.
A) Pollination
B) Fertilization
C) Germination
D) Endosperm formation
Answer: B
Explanation: Fertilization ensures zygote formation which develops into embryo and seed.
77. Dicotyledonous seed usually contains ____________.
A) One cotyledon
B) Two cotyledons
C) Three cotyledons
D) Many cotyledons
Answer: B
Explanation: A dicotyledonous (or dicot) seed is named for its most prominent feature: the presence of two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
78. Monocot seed usually contains ____________.
A) No cotyledon
B) One cotyledon
C) Two cotyledons
D) Many cotyledons
Answer: B
Explanation: The term monocot is short for monocotyledon, where “mono” means one. In these plants, the seed contains a single embryonic leaf (cotyledon).
79. Scutellum in maize is ____________.
A) Cotyledon
B) Plumule
C) Radicle
D) Seed coat
Answer: A
Explanation: In a maize grain (which is a monocot), the scutellum is the technical name for the single, large, shield-shaped cotyledon.
80. Aleurone layer in maize seed is ____________.
A) Part of embryo
B) Part of endosperm
C) Seed coat
D) Nucellus
Answer: B
Explanation: It is protein-rich peripheral endosperm.
81. Function of coleoptile in monocot seed ____________.
A) Protect radicle
B) Protect plumule
C) Store food
D) Absorb water
Answer: B
Explanation: In monocot seeds, particularly in the grass family (like maize, wheat, and rice), the coleoptile is a specialized, protective sheath that encloses the plumule (the embryonic shoot).
82. Function of coleorhiza in monocot seed ____________.
A) Protect plumule
B) Protect radicle
C) Store food
D) Photosynthesis
Answer: B
Explanation: In monocot seeds, particularly those of the grass family (such as maize, wheat, and rice), the coleorhiza is a protective, undifferentiated sheath that encloses the radicle (the embryonic root) and the root cap.
83. Non-endospermic seeds are found in ____________.
A) Maiz
B) Castor
C) Pea
D) Wheat
Answer: C
Explanation: Endosperm is consumed during seed development in pea.
84. Endospermic seeds are found in ____________.
A) Maize
B) Wheat
C) Castor
D) All of these
Answer: D
Explanation: Endospermic seeds (also known as albuminous seeds) are those in which the endosperm is not completely consumed during embryo development and remains as a significant food-storage tissue in the mature seed.
85. The part of embryo that develops into root is____________.
A) Plumule
B) Cotyledon
C) Radicle
D) Scutellum
Answer: C
Explanation: The radicle is the embryonic root of the plant. During seed germination, it is typically the first part of the embryo to emerge from the seed coat. It grows downward into the soil, anchoring the plant and beginning the process of water and mineral absorption.
86. The part of embryo that develops into shoot is____________.
A) Plumule
B) Cotyledon
C) Radicle
D) Endosperm
Answer: A
Explanation: The plumule is the part of the plant embryo that develops into the shoot system (the stem, leaves, and eventually flowers). It is often referred to as the “embryonic shoot.”
87. Seed coat is derived from____________.
A) Nucellus
B) Integuments
C) Endosperm
D) Embryo sac
Answer: B
Explanation: In the process of seed development, the seed coat (also known as the testa) is formed from the protective outer layers of the ovule, known as the integuments.
88. Perisperm in seed is derived from____________.
A) Nucellus
B) Endosperm
C) Embryo
D) Integuments
Answer: A
Explanation: The perisperm is the residual, persistent part of the nucellus that remains in some seeds after fertilization.
89. True fruits develop from____________.
A) Ovary only
B) Ovary and thalamus
C) Ovary and sepals
D) Ovary and petals
Answer: A
Explanation: A true fruit (also called a eucarp) is one that develops exclusively from the mature, ripened ovary of a single flower after fertilization.
90. False fruits develop from____________.
A) Ovary only
B) Ovary plus other floral parts
C) Only thalamus
D) Only sepals
Answer: B
Explanation: Example: Apple (thalamus contributes).
91. A fruit that develops without fertilization is____________.
A) True fruit
B) False fruit
C) Parthenocarpic fruit
D) Dry fruit
Answer: C
Explanation: Parthenocarpy is the process where a fruit develops from the ovary without fertilization occurring. Because fertilization does not take place, these fruits are typically seedless.
92. Example of parthenocarpic fruit____________.
A) Mango
B) Banana
C) Apple
D) Wheat
Answer: B
Explanation: The banana is one of the most well-known examples of a naturally parthenocarpic fruit. In cultivated bananas, the fruit develops from the ovary without the process of fertilization, which is why the bananas we eat are seedless.
93. Aggregate fruit develops from ____________.
A) Multiple ovaries of one flower
B) One ovary
C) Many flowers of an inflorescence
D) Ovule
Answer: A
Explanation: Example: Strawberry.
94. Composite (multiple) fruit develops from ____________.
A) One ovary
B) Many ovaries of one flower
C) Many flowers of an inflorescence
D) Micropyle
Answer: C
Explanation: Example: Pineapple.
95. Which plant shows apomixis (seed formation without fertilization)?
A) Potato
B) Mango
C) Some grasses
D) Maize only
Answer: C
Explanation: Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction by producing seeds without fertilization.
96. Polyembryony means ____________.
A) One embryo per seed
B) Many embryos in one seed
C) Many seeds per fruit
D) Many pollen grains per anther
Answer: B
Explanation: Example: Citrus, onion.
97. Apomixis is useful in ____________.
A) Reducing seed dormancy
B) Fixing hybrid characters
C) Producing variation
D) Preventing fertilization
Answer: B
Explanation: Apomixis is of immense importance in agriculture, particularly in the production of hybrid seeds.
98. Double fertilization is significant because it ____________.
A) Produces two zygotes
B) Produces embryo and endosperm
C) Ensures cross-pollination
D) Causes polyembryony
Answer: B
Explanation: Double fertilization is a complex and unique process in angiosperms that ensures the simultaneous development of the offspring and its food source.
99. First cell of sporophytic generation is ____________.
A) Gamete
B) Zygote
C) Embryo
D) Spore
Answer: B
Explanation: the gametophyte (haploid, $n$) and the sporophyte (diploid, $2n$). The zygote marks the exact point where the generation switches from haploid to diploid.
100. First cell of gametophytic generation is ____________.
A) Gamete
B) Spore
C) Embryo sac
D) Endosperm
Answer: B
Explanation: In the plant life cycle, the transition from the diploid phase to the haploid phase occurs during meiosis. This process results in the formation of spores, which serve as the very first cells of the gametophytic generation.