1. Solid waste refers to:
A) Liquid wastes only
B) Gaseous emissions
C) Discarded solid materials from human activities
D) Radioactive emissions
Answer: C) Discarded solid materials from human activities
Explanation: Solid waste includes garbage, refuse, demolition debris, and other discarded solid matter.
2. The per capita solid waste generation in Indian cities is approximately:
A) 0.1–0.2 kg/day
B) 0.3–0.6 kg/day
C) 1–2 kg/day
D) 3–4 kg/day
Answer: B) 0.3–0.6 kg/day
Explanation: Indian urban residents generate around 300–600 g of waste daily, lower than developed nations.
3. Which of the following is a biodegradable waste?
A) Food scraps
B) Plastic bags
C) Metals
D) Glass
Answer: A) Food scraps
Explanation: Biodegradable waste decomposes naturally by microorganisms.
4. Which of the following is non-biodegradable?
A) Paper
B) Plastics
C) Vegetable peels
D) Wood
Answer: B) Plastics
Explanation: Plastics persist for centuries without decomposing.
5. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) mainly consists of:
A) Agricultural residues
B) Household garbage and commercial waste
C) Industrial effluents
D) Mining residues
Answer: B) Household garbage and commercial waste
Explanation: MSW includes domestic, street sweeping, and market waste.
6. The largest component of MSW in India is:
A) Plastic
B) Metals
C) Organic matter
D) Glass
Answer: C) Organic matter
Explanation: Indian MSW contains 40–60% organic waste due to food and agricultural residues.
7. Which of the following is an open dumping drawback?
A) Groundwater contamination
B) Vector breeding
C) Foul odor
D) All of these
Answer: D) All of these
Explanation: Open dumps are unhygienic, polluting, and cause diseases.
8. Sanitary landfilling means:
A) Dumping waste without soil cover
B) Controlled disposal with compaction and soil cover
C) Waste burning
D) Composting
Answer: B) Controlled disposal with compaction and soil cover
Explanation: Sanitary landfills reduce pollution and disease risks compared to open dumps.
9. The liquid that drains out of landfills is called:
A) Sewage
B) Leachate
C) Effluent
D) Runoff
Answer: B) Leachate
Explanation: Leachate contains dissolved pollutants and must be treated.
10. The gas produced in landfills is mainly:
A) CO₂ and CH₄
B) CO and O₂
C) NO₂ and SO₂
D) H₂ and N₂
Answer: A) CO₂ and CH₄
Explanation: Anaerobic decomposition produces landfill gas rich in methane and carbon dioxide.
11. The process of burning waste at high temperature to reduce volume is called:
A) Composting
B) Incineration
C) Gasification
D) Recycling
Answer: B) Incineration
Explanation: Incineration reduces waste volume but may release toxic emissions.
12. The by-product of incineration that contains toxic heavy metals is:
A) Compost
B) Fly ash
C) Biogas
D) Charcoal
Answer: B) Fly ash
Explanation: Fly ash contains toxic substances requiring safe disposal.
13. Composting converts:
A) Plastic waste into liquid fuel
B) Organic waste into manure
C) Metal waste into oxides
D) E-waste into raw material
Answer: B) Organic waste into manure
Explanation: Composting uses microbes to decompose biodegradable waste.
14. The process of anaerobic digestion produces:
A) Compost
B) Biogas
C) Ash
D) Sludge
Answer: B) Biogas
Explanation: Anaerobic bacteria convert organic waste into methane-rich biogas.
15. Which waste management practice follows the principle of “3Rs”?
A) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
B) Replace, Remove, Repair
C) Renew, Reform, Rebuild
D) Reduce, Regrow, Refill
Answer: A) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Explanation: 3Rs minimize waste and promote sustainability.
16. Integrated Solid Waste Management means:
A) Using one disposal method only
B) Combination of several waste management techniques
C) Only recycling
D) Open dumping
Answer: B) Combination of several waste management techniques
Explanation: ISWM involves prevention, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and landfilling.
17. Which Indian city is known as the cleanest (as per Swachh Survekshan 2022)?
A) Delhi
B) Indore
C) Surat
D) Mysuru
Answer: B) Indore
Explanation: Indore has consistently ranked as the cleanest city in India.
18. Which waste management technology is best for reducing volume of hazardous hospital waste?
A) Composting
B) Incineration
C) Open dumping
D) Recycling
Answer: B) Incineration
Explanation: Biomedical waste incineration prevents spread of infections.
19. Which of the following is an example of e-waste?
A) Food leftovers
B) Old computers and mobiles
C) Garden waste
D) Paper
Answer: B) Old computers and mobiles
Explanation: E-waste includes discarded electronics.
20. Which metal is commonly recovered from e-waste recycling?
A) Sodium
B) Gold
C) Calcium
D) Magnesium
Answer: B) Gold
Explanation: Electronic circuits contain precious metals like gold and silver.
21. Which law governs solid waste management in India?
A) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
B) Air Act, 1981
C) Forest Act, 1927
D) Water Act, 1974
Answer: A) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
Explanation: SWM Rules regulate collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste.
22. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in waste management refers to:
A) Responsibility of consumers only
B) Responsibility of manufacturers for disposal of products after use
C) Responsibility of government alone
D) None
Answer: B) Responsibility of manufacturers for disposal of products after use
Explanation: EPR ensures producers manage post-consumer waste (e.g., plastics, e-waste).
23. Vermicomposting uses:
A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Earthworms
D) Insects
Answer: C) Earthworms
Explanation: Earthworms decompose organic waste into nutrient-rich vermicompost.
24. Which type of plastic is most harmful in the environment?
A) Biodegradable plastic
B) Thermoplastics
C) Single-use plastic
D) None
Answer: C) Single-use plastic
Explanation: Single-use plastics are non-biodegradable and accumulate in large quantities.
25. The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched in India in:
A) 2005
B) 2010
C) 2014
D) 2019
Answer: C) 2014
Explanation: Launched in 2014 to improve sanitation, waste management, and cleanliness.
26. Hazardous waste is defined as:
A) Only biodegradable waste
B) Waste that poses danger to health or environment
C) Municipal solid waste
D) Non-toxic industrial waste
Answer: B) Waste that poses danger to health or environment
Explanation: Hazardous wastes are ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic.
27. Which of the following is a hazardous waste?
A) Food waste
B) Scrap metal
C) Used batteries
D) Paper waste
Answer: C) Used batteries
Explanation: Batteries contain heavy metals like lead and cadmium, making them hazardous.
28. The Basel Convention (1989) deals with:
A) Air pollution
B) Hazardous waste movement across nations
C) Water pollution
D) Wildlife trade
Answer: B) Hazardous waste movement across nations
Explanation: Basel Convention controls transboundary movement of hazardous waste.
29. Which Indian legislation regulates hazardous waste?
A) Air Act, 1981
B) Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016
C) Water Act, 1974
D) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Answer: B) Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016
Explanation: These rules govern collection, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste.
30. Which of the following is NOT considered hazardous waste?
A) Paint residues
B) Pesticide containers
C) Biomedical waste
D) Vegetable peels
Answer: D) Vegetable peels
Explanation: Vegetable peels are biodegradable and non-hazardous.
31. The characteristic of hazardous waste that causes it to explode or react violently is called:
A) Toxicity
B) Reactivity
C) Corrosivity
D) Ignitability
Answer: B) Reactivity
Explanation: Reactive wastes undergo violent reactions, explosions, or emit toxic gases.
32. Biomedical waste constitutes approximately what percentage of total hospital waste?
A) 5–10%
B) 15–25%
C) 50%
D) 80%
Answer: B) 15–25%
Explanation: About one-fifth of hospital waste is hazardous biomedical waste.
33. The color coding for biomedical waste disposal bags in India is regulated by:
A) Water Act, 1974
B) Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016
C) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
D) Factories Act, 1948
Answer: B) Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016
Explanation: These rules specify segregation and color codes for biomedical waste.
34. Which color bag is used for human anatomical waste?
A) Yellow
B) Red
C) Blue
D) Black
Answer: A) Yellow
Explanation: Yellow bags are used for infectious waste like human and animal anatomical waste.
35. Sharps waste (needles, blades) is disposed of in:
A) Red bags
B) Blue/white translucent containers
C) Yellow bags
D) Black bags
Answer: B) Blue/white translucent containers
Explanation: Sharps are collected in puncture-proof containers.
36. Expired medicines are disposed of in:
A) Black bag
B) Yellow bag
C) Red bag
D) Green bag
Answer: B) Yellow bag
Explanation: Yellow bag is used for expired drugs and chemical waste.
37. Which is the most preferred method for disposal of biomedical waste?
A) Composting
B) Open dumping
C) Incineration
D) Landfilling
Answer: C) Incineration
Explanation: Incineration destroys infectious agents and reduces waste volume.
38. The largest source of e-waste globally is:
A) Plastic bottles
B) Old clothes
C) Discarded electrical and electronic devices
D) Construction debris
Answer: C) Discarded electrical and electronic devices
Explanation: E-waste includes computers, mobiles, TVs, refrigerators, etc.
39. Which metal is most commonly recovered from e-waste?
A) Aluminium
B) Copper
C) Iron
D) Gold
Answer: B) Copper
Explanation: Copper wiring and circuits are widely recovered from e-waste.
40. Which country is the largest producer of e-waste (2022)?
A) USA
B) China
C) India
D) Japan
Answer: B) China
Explanation: China generates the most e-waste, followed by USA and India.
41. Which city is called the “e-waste capital of India”?
A) Mumbai
B) Delhi
C) Bengaluru
D) Chennai
Answer: C) Bengaluru
Explanation: Bengaluru generates the maximum e-waste in India due to its IT industry.
42. Which of the following hazards is linked to e-waste?
A) Lead poisoning
B) Mercury poisoning
C) Air and soil contamination
D) All of these
Answer: D) All of these
Explanation: E-waste releases heavy metals and toxins affecting health and environment.
43. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is mandatory in India for:
A) E-waste and plastics
B) Municipal waste
C) Organic waste only
D) All biodegradable waste
Answer: A) E-waste and plastics
Explanation: Producers must take responsibility for collection and recycling of plastics and e-waste.
44. The informal sector of e-waste recycling is dangerous because:
A) It uses scientific recycling
B) It exposes workers to toxic substances without safety
C) It exports all waste
D) It burns all plastics
Answer: B) It exposes workers to toxic substances without safety
Explanation: Informal recycling lacks protective equipment, causing health hazards.
45. Which of the following is NOT an effect of hazardous waste?
A) Groundwater contamination
B) Genetic disorders
C) Biodiversity loss
D) Photosynthesis increase
Answer: D) Photosynthesis increase
Explanation: Hazardous waste does not enhance photosynthesis; it degrades ecosystems.
46. Which of the following is a radioactive hazardous waste?
A) Plastic bottles
B) Spent nuclear fuel rods
C) Used cooking oil
D) Organic compost
Answer: B) Spent nuclear fuel rods
Explanation: Radioactive waste from nuclear plants is highly hazardous.
47. Which of the following is NOT a method for hazardous waste disposal?
A) Secure landfilling
B) Deep well injection
C) Open dumping
D) Incineration
Answer: C) Open dumping
Explanation: Hazardous waste requires secure methods, not open dumping.
48. Which hazardous waste property is measured by the pH test?
A) Toxicity
B) Corrosivity
C) Reactivity
D) Ignitability
Answer: B) Corrosivity
Explanation: Waste with very low or high pH is corrosive.
49. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are:
A) Biodegradable plastics
B) Persistent organic pollutants
C) Natural fertilizers
D) Non-toxic dyes
Answer: B) Persistent organic pollutants
Explanation: PCBs are toxic, bioaccumulative, and banned in many countries.
50. Which of the following is an international treaty to control hazardous chemicals and pesticides?
A) Kyoto Protocol
B) Montreal Protocol
C) Stockholm Convention
D) Paris Agreement
Answer: C) Stockholm Convention
Explanation: Stockholm Convention (2001) targets Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
51. The primary aim of waste treatment is:
A) Increasing landfill volume
B) Reducing waste volume and toxicity
C) Generating more waste
D) Open dumping
Answer: B) Reducing waste volume and toxicity
Explanation: Treatment minimizes environmental hazards before final disposal.
52. Which treatment is most suitable for organic municipal solid waste?
A) Composting
B) Landfilling
C) Incineration
D) Deep well injection
Answer: A) Composting
Explanation: Composting biologically converts organic waste into manure.
53. Which of the following is a thermal treatment method for solid waste?
A) Incineration
B) Composting
C) Sanitary landfill
D) Vermicomposting
Answer: A) Incineration
Explanation: Thermal treatments include incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification.
54. Pyrolysis of waste means:
A) Burning waste with excess oxygen
B) Decomposition of waste in absence of oxygen
C) Composting by microbes
D) Mixing with chemicals
Answer: B) Decomposition of waste in absence of oxygen
Explanation: Pyrolysis produces syngas, oil, and char from waste.
55. Gasification is carried out in:
A) Absence of oxygen
B) Limited oxygen supply
C) Excess oxygen
D) Underwater conditions
Answer: B) Limited oxygen supply
Explanation: Gasification partially oxidizes waste to produce syngas (CO + H₂).
56. The energy recovered from waste is called:
A) Waste heat
B) Waste-to-energy
C) Recycling energy
D) Organic energy
Answer: B) Waste-to-energy
Explanation: MSW is used to generate electricity, heat, or fuel.
57. Which method is commonly used for disposal of municipal solid waste in India?
A) Sanitary landfilling
B) Composting
C) Open dumping
D) Incineration
Answer: C) Open dumping
Explanation: Though unscientific, open dumping is still widely practiced in India.
58. Leachate treatment is essential in:
A) Composting
B) Landfilling
C) Pyrolysis
D) Incineration
Answer: B) Landfilling
Explanation: Leachate from landfills contaminates soil and groundwater, requiring treatment.
59. Secure landfills are mainly used for:
A) Municipal solid waste
B) Hazardous waste
C) Agricultural waste
D) Food waste
Answer: B) Hazardous waste
Explanation: Hazardous wastes require engineered secure landfills with liners and leachate collection.
60. Which of the following is NOT a waste treatment method?
A) Recycling
B) Composting
C) Open dumping
D) Incineration
Answer: C) Open dumping
Explanation: Open dumping is uncontrolled disposal, not a treatment method.
61. Waste stabilization ponds are mainly used for:
A) Solid waste
B) Liquid waste (sewage)
C) Hazardous waste
D) Radioactive waste
Answer: B) Liquid waste (sewage)
Explanation: Waste stabilization ponds biologically treat sewage in natural conditions.
62. Which biological process is used in sewage treatment plants?
A) Aerobic digestion
B) Anaerobic digestion
C) Activated sludge process
D) All of these
Answer: D) All of these
Explanation: STPs use aerobic, anaerobic, and activated sludge processes.
63. Flue gas treatment is needed in:
A) Landfills
B) Compost plants
C) Incinerators
D) Vermicomposting
Answer: C) Incinerators
Explanation: Incineration produces flue gases that must be cleaned to remove SOx, NOx, and particulates.
64. Which of the following is used to neutralize acidic hazardous waste?
A) Lime (Ca(OH)₂)
B) Sand
C) Plastics
D) Fly ash
Answer: A) Lime (Ca(OH)₂)
Explanation: Lime neutralizes acidic effluents, making them safer.
65. Stabilization/solidification is a hazardous waste treatment method that:
A) Reduces volume of waste only
B) Encapsulates waste in cement or chemicals
C) Converts waste into compost
D) Burns waste into ash
Answer: B) Encapsulates waste in cement or chemicals
Explanation: This immobilizes hazardous contaminants, reducing leaching.
66. Which gas is a major concern in landfill fires and explosions?
A) CO₂
B) CH₄
C) NO₂
D) SO₂
Answer: B) CH₄
Explanation: Methane is flammable and accumulates in landfills.
67. Vermicomposting produces:
A) Biogas
B) Organic manure (vermicompost)
C) Ash
D) Toxic sludge
Answer: B) Organic manure (vermicompost)
Explanation: Earthworms convert biodegradable waste into nutrient-rich manure.
68. Anaerobic digestion produces:
A) Methane (biogas)
B) Nitrous oxide
C) Sulphur dioxide
D) Oxygen
Answer: A) Methane (biogas)
Explanation: Anaerobic microbes convert organic matter into methane and CO₂.
69. RDF in waste management stands for:
A) Renewable Derived Fuel
B) Refuse Derived Fuel
C) Recycled Daily Fuel
D) Residual Dry Fraction
Answer: B) Refuse Derived Fuel
Explanation: RDF is fuel prepared from combustible components of MSW.
70. Which of the following is the cleanest waste treatment method?
A) Incineration
B) Composting
C) Landfilling
D) Pyrolysis
Answer: B) Composting
Explanation: Composting is eco-friendly, producing manure without harmful emissions.
71. Which method is most suitable for radioactive waste disposal?
A) Composting
B) Deep geological disposal
C) Incineration
D) Recycling
Answer: B) Deep geological disposal
Explanation: Radioactive waste is stored deep underground in stable geological formations.
72. Plasma arc technology in waste treatment uses:
A) Low-temperature heating
B) Very high-temperature plasma torches
C) Composting bacteria
D) Anaerobic digestion
Answer: B) Very high-temperature plasma torches
Explanation: Plasma arc converts waste into syngas and vitrified slag.
73. Which method reduces both waste volume and generates electricity?
A) Sanitary landfilling
B) Composting
C) Waste-to-energy incineration
D) Recycling
Answer: C) Waste-to-energy incineration
Explanation: Incineration plants generate power from waste combustion.
74. Leachate from landfills is treated using:
A) Bioreactors
B) Membrane filtration
C) Chemical treatment
D) All of these
Answer: D) All of these
Explanation: Combination of physical, chemical, and biological methods treat landfill leachate.
75. Which of the following is NOT a thermal waste treatment process?
A) Gasification
B) Pyrolysis
C) Composting
D) Incineration
Answer: C) Composting
Explanation: Composting is a biological, not thermal, treatment method.
76. The “polluter pays principle” in waste management means:
A) Government bears cleanup cost
B) Public pays for pollution
C) The polluter bears cost of cleanup and control
D) No one is responsible
Answer: C) The polluter bears cost of cleanup and control
Explanation: It ensures accountability of industries/individuals creating waste.
77. Which waste management hierarchy is most sustainable?
A) Disposal → Treatment → Recycling → Prevention
B) Prevention → Reduce → Reuse → Recycle → Disposal
C) Open dumping → Composting → Recycling
D) Incineration only
Answer: B) Prevention → Reduce → Reuse → Recycle → Disposal
Explanation: This hierarchy minimizes waste at the source and promotes sustainability.
78. The term “Zero Waste” refers to:
A) Burning all waste
B) No waste generation through reuse and recycling
C) Only composting
D) Only landfilling
Answer: B) No waste generation through reuse and recycling
Explanation: Zero Waste promotes circular economy and waste prevention.
79. Which of the following is an example of industrial hazardous waste?
A) Kitchen waste
B) Textile dyes
C) Garden leaves
D) Paper scraps
Answer: B) Textile dyes
Explanation: Textile industries generate hazardous effluents containing dyes and chemicals.
80. Which international treaty deals with Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)?
A) Montreal Protocol
B) Stockholm Convention
C) Kyoto Protocol
D) Basel Convention
Answer: B) Stockholm Convention
Explanation: It aims to eliminate/restrict harmful POPs like PCBs and dioxins.
81. Which Indian law deals with e-waste?
A) Water Act, 1974
B) E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016
C) Air Act, 1981
D) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
Answer: B) E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016
Explanation: These rules regulate e-waste handling, recycling, and producer responsibility.
82. Which gas is most commonly used in plasma arc waste treatment?
A) Oxygen
B) Argon
C) Methane
D) Nitrogen
Answer: B) Argon
Explanation: Argon plasma torches reach >10,000°C for efficient waste breakdown.
83. The term “white pollution” is associated with:
A) Plastics
B) Pesticides
C) Noise
D) Fly ash
Answer: A) Plastics
Explanation: Non-biodegradable plastic pollution is called white pollution.
84. Fly ash from thermal power plants can be used in:
A) Fertilizers
B) Cement and bricks
C) Food packaging
D) Compost
Answer: B) Cement and bricks
Explanation: Fly ash is a raw material for cement, concrete, and bricks.
85. Which of the following is a biological method for hazardous waste remediation?
A) Bioremediation
B) Incineration
C) Pyrolysis
D) Deep well injection
Answer: A) Bioremediation
Explanation: Microorganisms degrade hazardous pollutants naturally.
86. Phytoremediation refers to:
A) Use of bacteria to treat waste
B) Use of fungi to degrade waste
C) Use of plants to remove pollutants
D) Use of chemicals for treatment
Answer: C) Use of plants to remove pollutants
Explanation: Plants absorb heavy metals and toxins from soil and water.
87. Which method is used for long-term disposal of high-level radioactive waste?
A) Composting
B) Open dumping
C) Deep geological repository
D) Surface storage
Answer: C) Deep geological repository
Explanation: Waste is stored deep underground in stable geological formations.
88. Hazardous wastes with high calorific value are best treated by:
A) Composting
B) Incineration
C) Landfilling
D) Recycling
Answer: B) Incineration
Explanation: Incineration recovers energy from high-calorific hazardous wastes.
89. Which of the following is an example of a biological indicator of pollution?
A) Coliform bacteria in water
B) CO₂ in air
C) Lead in soil
D) PM2.5 concentration
Answer: A) Coliform bacteria in water
Explanation: Coliforms indicate sewage/fecal contamination.
90. Which technology is used in modern smart bins for waste segregation?
A) RFID sensors
B) AI & IoT
C) Infrared sensors
D) All of these
Answer: D) All of these
Explanation: Smart bins use sensors and AI for automatic waste sorting.
91. Which of the following wastes is most suitable for anaerobic digestion?
A) Plastic waste
B) Organic kitchen waste
C) Scrap metal
D) Glass bottles
Answer: B) Organic kitchen waste
Explanation: Biodegradable organic waste produces biogas via anaerobic digestion.
92. The “Battery Waste Management Rules” in India were notified in:
A) 2001
B) 2010
C) 2020
D) 2022
Answer: D) 2022
Explanation: New rules mandate Extended Producer Responsibility for battery recycling.
93. Which chemical is most commonly released from landfills?
A) Methane
B) Ammonia
C) Hydrogen sulfide
D) Carbon monoxide
Answer: A) Methane
Explanation: Anaerobic decomposition produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
94. The Swachh Bharat Mission mainly focuses on:
A) River cleaning only
B) Sanitation and solid waste management
C) Industrial waste treatment only
D) Nuclear waste
Answer: B) Sanitation and solid waste management
Explanation: SBM promotes cleanliness, waste segregation, and better sanitation.
95. Which waste is best managed by plasma gasification?
A) Paper
B) Hazardous and medical waste
C) Organic manure
D) Plastic bottles only
Answer: B) Hazardous and medical waste
Explanation: Plasma gasification handles high-toxicity waste at extreme temperatures.
96. “Garbage to Garden” initiative refers to:
A) Recycling plastics into compost
B) Converting organic waste into compost for gardening
C) Using hazardous waste in parks
D) Waste disposal in forests
Answer: B) Converting organic waste into compost for gardening
Explanation: Household biodegradable waste is turned into compost for gardens.
97. Which city was first in India to achieve 100% waste segregation at source?
A) Indore
B) Mysuru
C) Panaji (Goa)
D) Surat
Answer: C) Panaji (Goa)
Explanation: Panaji implemented strict segregation and door-to-door collection.
98. “Cradle to Cradle” design in waste management promotes:
A) Open dumping
B) Waste designed to be fully reusable or recyclable
C) Landfilling all waste
D) Only incineration
Answer: B) Waste designed to be fully reusable or recyclable
Explanation: Cradle-to-cradle encourages circular economy practices.
99. Which of the following wastes is classified as biomedical?
A) Food leftovers
B) Used syringes
C) Garden leaves
D) Scrap wood
Answer: B) Used syringes
Explanation: Biomedical waste includes infectious hospital waste like syringes and bandages.
100. The ultimate goal of solid and hazardous waste management is:
A) Open dumping
B) Energy recovery only
C) Protecting environment and human health
D) Increasing landfill sites
Answer: C) Protecting environment and human health
Explanation: The aim is to manage waste sustainably while minimizing risks.