1. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was established in:
a) 1592
b) 1596
c) 1602
d) 1608
Answer: c) 1602
Explanation: The VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) was founded in 1602 with monopoly over Dutch trade in Asia.
2. The first Dutch expedition reached India in:
a) 1596
b) 1602
c) 1605
d) 1610
Answer: a) 1596
Explanation: The Dutch first arrived in Sumatra (Indonesia) in 1596, later reaching the Coromandel Coast.
3. The first Dutch factory in India was established at:
a) Surat
b) Pulicat
c) Masulipatnam
d) Cochin
Answer: c) Masulipatnam (1605)
Explanation: The Dutch set up their first factory at Masulipatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
4. The Dutch made their main base in India at:
a) Surat
b) Pulicat
c) Goa
d) Pondicherry
Answer: b) Pulicat
Explanation: Pulicat on the Coromandel Coast (Tamil Nadu) was their headquarters till 1690.
5. The Dutch replaced Pulicat with which city as their main base in 1690?
a) Cochin
b) Nagapattinam
c) Calicut
d) Colombo
Answer: b) Nagapattinam
Explanation: Nagapattinam became their main base in India after 1690.
6. The Dutch established their factory at Surat in which year?
a) 1605
b) 1616
c) 1620
d) 1630
Answer: b) 1616
Explanation: The Dutch opened a factory at Surat in 1616, competing with the English.
Q7. Which city in Kerala became a stronghold of the Dutch after defeating the Portuguese?
a) Cochin
b) Calicut
c) Quilon
d) Kannur
Answer: a) Cochin
Explanation: The Dutch captured Cochin from the Portuguese in 1663.
8. The Dutch East India Company was primarily interested in trading:
a) Gold and silver
b) Spices
c) Cotton textiles
d) Indigo
Answer: b) Spices
Explanation: Their main focus was on the spice trade (pepper, cinnamon, cloves).
9. The Dutch monopoly in the East Indies was centered on which modern country?
a) India
b) Indonesia
c) Sri Lanka
d) Malaysia
Answer: b) Indonesia
Explanation: The Dutch controlled Indonesia as their spice monopoly center.
10. The Dutch gained control of Malabar from the Portuguese in:
a) 1605
b) 1620
c) 1663
d) 1685
Answer: c) 1663
Explanation: They captured Cochin in 1663, ending Portuguese power in Kerala.
11. The Dutch signed their first treaty with which Indian ruler?
a) Vijayanagara rulers
b) Mughal rulers
c) Nayaks of Golconda
d) Zamorin of Calicut
Answer: d) Zamorin of Calicut
Explanation: The Zamorin of Calicut welcomed the Dutch against the Portuguese.
12. Which place in Bengal saw Dutch settlements?
a) Hooghly-Chinsurah
b) Chandernagore
c) Serampore
d) Calcutta
Answer: a) Hooghly-Chinsurah
Explanation: Chinsurah (near Hooghly) was the Dutch base in Bengal.
13. Which place in Gujarat had a Dutch factory?
a) Ahmedabad
b) Bharuch
c) Surat
d) Diu
Answer: c) Surat
Explanation: Surat was an important Dutch trading center on the west coast.
14. Which island group was contested between Dutch and Portuguese before Dutch victory?
a) Andaman Islands
b) Maluku Islands (Spice Islands)
c) Maldives
d) Lakshadweep
Answer: b) Maluku Islands (Spice Islands)
Explanation: The Dutch fought the Portuguese for the spice monopoly.
15. The Dutch replaced the Portuguese as the dominant European power in:
a) India
b) East Indies (Indonesia)
c) Sri Lanka
d) Goa
Answer: b) East Indies (Indonesia)
Explanation: By 17th century, the Dutch expelled Portuguese from Indonesia.
16. The Dutch established their first factory on the Malabar Coast at:
a) Cochin
b) Cranganore
c) Quilon
d) Calicut
Answer: c) Quilon
Explanation: They set up their first Malabar factory at Quilon in 1662.
17. Which city was the capital of Dutch possessions in India till 1690?
a) Surat
b) Pulicat
c) Nagapattinam
d) Chinsurah
Answer: b) Pulicat
Explanation: Pulicat served as Dutch capital in India till 1690.
18. The Dutch lost Pulicat and shifted their headquarters to:
a) Cochin
b) Nagapattinam
c) Chinsurah
d) Surat
Answer: b) Nagapattinam
Explanation: They shifted to Nagapattinam in 1690.
19. In which year was the Dutch factory established at Chinsurah in Bengal?
a) 1605
b) 1625
c) 1655
d) 1667
Answer: b) 1625
Explanation: Dutch Chinsurah became their hub in Bengal.
20. The Dutch maintained a factory at Patna for trading:
a) Spices
b) Saltpetre and opium
c) Cotton
d) Indigo
Answer: b) Saltpetre and opium
Explanation: Patna was a major center of saltpetre trade.
21. The Dutch established a settlement at which place in Odisha?
a) Balasore
b) Cuttack
c) Puri
d) Gopalpur
Answer: a) Balasore
Explanation: They had factories at Balasore for textile and saltpetre trade.
22. The Dutch replaced the Portuguese in Sri Lanka in:
a) 1605
b) 1638
c) 1658
d) 1663
Answer: c) 1658
Explanation: By 1658, they expelled the Portuguese from Sri Lanka.
23. The Dutch established a fort at Pulicat called:
a) Fort St. George
b) Fort Geldria
c) Fort Victoria
d) Fort Nassau
Answer: b) Fort Geldria
Explanation: Fort Geldria at Pulicat was their main fort in India.
24. Which region was the most profitable for Dutch trade in India?
a) Bengal
b) Gujarat
c) Kerala
d) Coromandel Coast
Answer: a) Bengal
Explanation: Textiles and saltpetre from Bengal were highly profitable.
25. The Dutch East India Company was primarily controlled by:
a) Dutch Crown
b) Dutch private merchants
c) British shareholders
d) Portuguese traders
Answer: b) Dutch private merchants
Explanation: It was a joint-stock company backed by private investors.
26. The main items the Dutch exported from India were:
a) Pepper, Indigo, Saltpetre, Textiles
b) Gold and Silver
c) Tea and Coffee
d) Timber and Iron
Answer: a) Pepper, Indigo, Saltpetre, Textiles
Explanation: These were the chief Indian goods traded by the Dutch.
27. The Dutch imported into India mainly:
a) Precious metals (gold and silver)
b) Spices from Indonesia
c) Horses and wool
d) Weapons
Answer: a) Precious metals (gold and silver)
Explanation: Like other Europeans, they brought gold and silver for Indian trade.
28. The Dutch factory at Patna became famous for:
a) Opium and Saltpetre trade
b) Cotton textiles
c) Indigo dye
d) Jute
Answer: a) Opium and Saltpetre trade
Explanation: Patna was a major saltpetre-exporting center for gunpowder.
29. The most profitable Dutch trade center in India was:
a) Surat
b) Bengal (Chinsurah)
c) Pulicat
d) Nagapattinam
Answer: b) Bengal (Chinsurah)
Explanation: Bengal textiles and saltpetre gave the Dutch maximum profit.
30. The Dutch factory at Hooghly-Chinsurah was taken over by the British in:
a) 1757
b) 1795
c) 1825
d) 1857
Answer: c) 1825
Explanation: After Anglo-Dutch treaties, Chinsurah was ceded to the British in 1825.
31. The Dutch had a minting right at which place in India?
a) Surat
b) Chinsurah
c) Pulicat
d) Nagapattinam
Answer: b) Chinsurah
Explanation: They issued coins from their mint at Chinsurah.
32. The Dutch had factories in all the following places, except:
a) Masulipatnam
b) Pulicat
c) Bombay
d) Balasore
Answer: c) Bombay
Explanation: Bombay was under Portuguese and later British; no Dutch factory there.
33. The Dutch replaced Pulicat with Nagapattinam in 1690 because:
a) Pulicat lost trade importance
b) Nagapattinam had better harbor
c) Competition from British
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Trade shifted to Nagapattinam due to strategic and commercial reasons.
34. The Dutch controlled the cinnamon trade in:
a) India
b) Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
c) Burma
d) Malaya
Answer: b) Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Explanation: They monopolized cinnamon from Sri Lanka after 1658.
35. The Dutch factory in Gujarat was at:
a) Bharuch
b) Surat
c) Ahmedabad
d) Vadodara
Answer: b) Surat
Explanation: They traded from Surat, competing with English and Portuguese.
36. Which commodity from India was critical for Dutch gunpowder industries?
a) Indigo
b) Saltpetre
c) Pepper
d) Cotton
Answer: b) Saltpetre
Explanation: Saltpetre (potassium nitrate) from Bihar was exported for European wars.
37. Which Dutch factory was captured by the English in 1781 during Anglo-Dutch War?
a) Pulicat
b) Chinsurah
c) Surat
d) Nagapattinam
Answer: d) Nagapattinam
Explanation: The English captured Nagapattinam in 1781 from the Dutch.
38. The Dutch textile trade in Coromandel was based at:
a) Pulicat
b) Masulipatnam
c) Nagapattinam
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Coromandel supplied cotton textiles to the Dutch.
39. The Dutch settlement at Pulicat was called:
a) Fort Geldria
b) Fort Nassau
c) Fort Victoria
d) Fort St. David
Answer: a) Fort Geldria
Explanation: Fort Geldria was their main fort in Coromandel.
40. The Dutch introduced which crop in Kerala?
a) Potato
b) Tapioca (Cassava)
c) Coffee
d) Tea
Answer: b) Tapioca (Cassava)
Explanation: Introduced by the Dutch in 17th century Kerala to fight famine.
41. The Dutch introduced which flower cultivation in India?
a) Rose
b) Tulip
c) Marigold
d) Sunflower
Answer: d) Sunflower
Explanation: The Dutch introduced sunflower cultivation in India.
42. The Dutch introduced which tree in Kerala that became economically important?
a) Jackfruit
b) Pineapple
c) Rubber
d) Coconut hybrid varieties
Answer: b) Pineapple
Explanation: They brought pineapple cultivation to Kerala.
43. Which town in Tamil Nadu became the Dutch headquarters after 1690?
a) Pulicat
b) Nagapattinam
c) Pondicherry
d) Cuddalore
Answer: b) Nagapattinam
Explanation: They shifted their HQ to Nagapattinam in 1690.
44. Which European power finally replaced the Dutch in Indian trade?
a) Portuguese
b) French
c) British
d) Danish
Answer: c) British
Explanation: The British outcompeted the Dutch in India after 1757.
45. The Dutch concentrated on which region for textiles in India?
a) Bengal and Coromandel
b) Punjab and Sindh
c) Gujarat and Malabar
d) Assam and Tripura
Answer: a) Bengal and Coromandel
Explanation: These regions supplied cotton textiles for global markets.
46. Which Mughal emperor gave farman (permission) to the Dutch for trade in Bengal?
a) Akbar
b) Jahangir
c) Shah Jahan
d) Aurangzeb
Answer: b) Jahangir
Explanation: The Dutch got trade permission during Jahangir’s reign.
47. Dutch control in South India was challenged most by:
a) Vijayanagara Empire
b) British East India Company
c) Marathas
d) Nizams
Answer: b) British East India Company
Explanation: The British destroyed Dutch naval supremacy in India.
48. Dutch trading network connected India mainly with:
a) Japan and Indonesia
b) China
c) Persia and Arabia
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: The Dutch maintained global trade links via Batavia.
49. The Dutch exported opium from India mainly to:
a) Persia
b) China
c) Indonesia
d) Japan
Answer: b) China
Explanation: Opium from Bengal and Bihar was traded to China.
50. The Dutch presence in India declined after losing which key base?
a) Pulicat
b) Nagapattinam
c) Chinsurah
d) Cochin
Answer: b) Nagapattinam
Explanation: Loss of Nagapattinam to the British (1781) marked their decline.
51. The Dutch defeated the Portuguese and captured Cochin in:
a) 1605
b) 1620
c) 1663
d) 1680
Answer: c) 1663
Explanation: Dutch victory at Cochin (1663) marked the decline of Portuguese power in Kerala.
52. Which battle ended the naval supremacy of the Dutch in India?
a) Battle of Swally (1612)
b) Battle of Colachel (1741)
c) Battle of Buxar (1764)
d) Battle of Plassey (1757)
Answer: b) Battle of Colachel (1741)
Explanation: The Travancore King Marthanda Varma defeated the Dutch at Colachel (Kerala).
53. The Battle of Colachel (1741) was significant because:
a) First Asian ruler defeated a European naval power on land
b) Portuguese defeated the Dutch
c) British allied with Marathas
d) French expelled Dutch from Pondicherry
Answer: a) First Asian ruler defeated a European naval power on land
Explanation: King Marthanda Varma’s victory over the Dutch was historic.
54. After defeat at Colachel, the Dutch signed a treaty with Travancore in:
a) 1742
b) 1753
c) 1761
d) 1770
Answer: b) 1753
Explanation: Known as the Treaty of Mavelikkara (1753), ending Dutch ambitions in Malabar.
55. Who was the Dutch naval commander defeated at Colachel (1741)?
a) Van Goens
b) Captain De Lannoy
c) Van Rheede
d) Rijckloff van Goens
Answer: b) Captain De Lannoy
Explanation: He was captured, later served Travancore as a military trainer.
56. The British defeated the Dutch in the Battle of Negapatam (1782) during:
a) First Carnatic War
b) Second Anglo-Mysore War
c) Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
d) Anglo-Dutch War
Answer: b) Second Anglo-Mysore War
Explanation: During the Anglo-Dutch conflict allied with Mysore, British defeated Dutch at sea.
57. The decline of Dutch in India began after their defeat in:
a) Battle of Colachel (1741)
b) Battle of Plassey (1757)
c) Battle of Negapatam (1782)
d) Both a & c
Answer: d) Both a & c
Explanation: Colachel and Negapatam marked major turning points.
58. The main reason for Dutch decline in India was:
a) Defeat by Marathas
b) Defeat by Portuguese
c) British naval superiority
d) Mughal resistance
Answer: c) British naval superiority
Explanation: The British dominated the seas, cutting Dutch trade.
59. The Dutch lost Nagapattinam to the British in:
a) 1741
b) 1757
c) 1781
d) 1795
Answer: c) 1781
Explanation: The British captured Nagapattinam in 1781, weakening Dutch presence.
60. Dutch rivalry in India was primarily with:
a) French and Portuguese
b) British and Portuguese
c) British and French
d) Mughals and Marathas
Answer: b) British and Portuguese
Explanation: They first displaced the Portuguese, later competed with the British.
61. Which Mughal ruler’s reign saw the Dutch rise in Bengal trade?
a) Akbar
b) Jahangir
c) Shah Jahan
d) Aurangzeb
Answer: b) Jahangir
Explanation: Dutch were welcomed under Jahangir for Bengal textiles and saltpetre trade.
62. Which South Indian kingdom allied with the Dutch against Portuguese?
a) Travancore
b) Nayaks of Madurai
c) Zamorin of Calicut
d) Marathas
Answer: c) Zamorin of Calicut
Explanation: The Zamorin invited Dutch to fight Portuguese domination.
63. After losing to Marthanda Varma, the Dutch shifted focus to:
a) Bengal trade
b) Indonesia (East Indies)
c) Gujarat
d) Deccan region
Answer: b) Indonesia (East Indies)
Explanation: They concentrated on Indonesia, abandoning Indian ambitions.
64. Which European power replaced the Dutch as the main rival of the British in India?
a) Portuguese
b) French
c) Danish
d) Spanish
Answer: b) French
Explanation: After Dutch decline, French vs British rivalry became dominant.
65. Which Anglo-Dutch treaty formalized Dutch withdrawal from India?
a) Treaty of Paris (1763)
b) Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
c) Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
d) Treaty of Mavelikkara
Answer: c) Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
Explanation: It divided influence: Dutch kept Indonesia, British got India.
66. According to the Anglo-Dutch Treaty (1824), the Dutch ceded which place to the British?
a) Pulicat
b) Nagapattinam
c) Chinsurah (Bengal)
d) Surat
Answer: c) Chinsurah (Bengal)
Explanation: Chinsurah was given to British in 1825.
67. Which European power defeated the Dutch at Colombo (Sri Lanka)?
a) Portuguese
b) French
c) British
d) Travancore
Answer: c) British
Explanation: In 1796, British expelled Dutch from Sri Lanka.
68. Who was the Dutch Governor-General in the East Indies when Dutch power declined in India?
a) Rijckloff van Goens
b) Jan Pieterszoon Coen
c) Van Rheede
d) Van Imhoff
Answer: a) Rijckloff van Goens
Explanation: He attempted expansion, but Dutch focus shifted to Indonesia.
69. The Dutch loss in India was partly due to:
a) Strong resistance by Indian rulers
b) Over-focus on Indonesia
c) Defeat in European wars with Britain
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Multiple factors weakened Dutch power.
70. After their decline, Dutch possessions in India were absorbed by:
a) Portuguese
b) British
c) French
d) Danes
Answer: b) British
Explanation: British took over Dutch possessions through wars and treaties.
71. The Treaty of Mavelikkara (1753) was signed between:
a) Dutch and British
b) Dutch and Travancore
c) Dutch and Zamorin
d) Dutch and Marathas
Answer: b) Dutch and Travancore
Explanation: It ended Dutch expansion in Malabar.
72. Which Indian naval commander supported Marthanda Varma against the Dutch?
a) Kunhali Marakkar
b) Ali Raja of Kannur
c) Admiral De Lannoy
d) Velu Thampi
Answer: a) Kunhali Marakkar (earlier tradition)
Explanation: Local naval traditions (like Marakkars) influenced resistance, though De Lannoy later served Travancore.
73. The Dutch lost influence in Gujarat mainly due to:
a) British competition
b) Decline of Surat
c) Mughal restrictions
d) Portuguese revival
Answer: a) British competition
Explanation: British East India Company dominated Surat trade.
74. The Dutch loss in Bengal was confirmed after:
a) Battle of Buxar (1764)
b) Treaty of 1824
c) Capture of Chinsurah (1781)
d) Plassey (1757)
Answer: b) Treaty of 1824
Explanation: Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 ended Dutch presence in Bengal.
75. The ultimate reason for Dutch decline in India was:
a) They prioritized Indonesia over India
b) They faced defeat at Colachel and Negapatam
c) They lost to British in European wars
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Dutch shifted focus to Indonesia, while the British grew dominant in India.
76. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was granted monopoly of Asian trade by:
a) Spanish Crown
b) Dutch States General
c) British Parliament
d) Mughal Emperor
Answer: b) Dutch States General
Explanation: In 1602, the Dutch parliament (States General) granted monopoly to VOC.
77. The Dutch were primarily interested in India because of:
a) Spices and cotton textiles
b) Naval bases
c) Conquest of territory
d) Spreading Christianity
Answer: a) Spices and cotton textiles
Explanation: Their main focus was trade, not conquest.
78. The Dutch East India Company was headquartered in Asia at:
a) Cochin
b) Batavia (Jakarta)
c) Pulicat
d) Colombo
Answer: b) Batavia (Jakarta)
Explanation: Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia) was the VOC headquarters.
79. Which Indian port did the Dutch control for longest time?
a) Pulicat
b) Nagapattinam
c) Chinsurah
d) Cochin
Answer: a) Pulicat
Explanation: Pulicat (1610–1690) was their capital in India.
80. The Dutch introduced which food crop into India that became a staple in Kerala?
a) Tapioca (Cassava)
b) Wheat
c) Potato
d) Rice variety
Answer: a) Tapioca (Cassava)
Explanation: Dutch introduced tapioca to Kerala during famine.
81. The Dutch East India Company was dissolved in:
a) 1781
b) 1795
c) 1799
d) 1824
Answer: c) 1799
Explanation: The VOC was officially dissolved in 1799 due to bankruptcy.
82. Which was the only Indian king who decisively defeated the Dutch in a land battle?
a) Shivaji
b) Marthanda Varma
c) Zamorin of Calicut
d) Tipu Sultan
Answer: b) Marthanda Varma
Explanation: He defeated the Dutch in the Battle of Colachel, 1741.
83. The Dutch lost their monopoly in Malabar to:
a) Travancore
b) Mysore
c) British
d) Portuguese
Answer: a) Travancore
Explanation: After Colachel (1741), Travancore ended Dutch ambitions.
84. The Dutch finally ceded their Indian possessions to the British under:
a) Treaty of Paris (1763)
b) Treaty of Mavelikkara (1753)
c) Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
d) Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
Answer: c) Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
Explanation: Dutch kept Indonesia; British secured India.
85. The Dutch minted coins in India at:
a) Nagapattinam
b) Pulicat
c) Chinsurah
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Dutch mints existed in Pulicat, Nagapattinam, and Chinsurah.
86. Which Dutch officer later served Travancore army after defeat?
a) Van Rheede
b) Captain De Lannoy
c) Rijckloff van Goens
d) Van Imhoff
Answer: b) Captain De Lannoy
Explanation: After Colachel, he became Travancore’s military trainer.
87. The Hortus Malabaricus, a famous botanical book on Kerala plants, was compiled under:
a) Van Rheede
b) De Lannoy
c) Coen
d) Van Goens
Answer: a) Van Rheede
Explanation: Dutch Governor Hendrik Van Rheede compiled this classic.
88. Which Dutch factory was the last to be handed over to the British in 1825?
a) Surat
b) Nagapattinam
c) Chinsurah
d) Pulicat
Answer: c) Chinsurah
Explanation: Chinsurah was ceded in 1825 under Anglo-Dutch treaty.
89. The Dutch introduced commercial cultivation of which crop in Bengal?
a) Jute
b) Indigo
c) Tobacco
d) Tea
Answer: b) Indigo
Explanation: Dutch promoted indigo cultivation in Bengal.
90. The Dutch presence in Gujarat ended mainly because:
a) Mughal restrictions
b) Decline of Surat trade
c) British dominance
d) Maratha pressure
Answer: c) British dominance
Explanation: English controlled Surat, pushing Dutch out.
91. The Dutch presence in India was strongest during which century?
a) 15th
b) 16th
c) 17th
d) 18th
Answer: c) 17th
Explanation: Dutch were dominant in Indian Ocean trade during 17th century.
92. Which was the Dutch stronghold in Odisha?
a) Balasore
b) Puri
c) Cuttack
d) Gopalpur
Answer: a) Balasore
Explanation: They had factories at Balasore for textiles and saltpetre.
93. Who was the Dutch rival in the spice trade in Maluku Islands?
a) British
b) French
c) Portuguese
d) Arabs
Answer: c) Portuguese
Explanation: Dutch expelled the Portuguese from Spice Islands.
94. Which Indian ruler allied with Dutch against the Portuguese in Malabar?
a) Marathas
b) Travancore
c) Zamorin of Calicut
d) Hyder Ali
Answer: c) Zamorin of Calicut
Explanation: Zamorin welcomed Dutch as allies against Portuguese.
95. Which war in Europe affected Dutch power in India?
a) Napoleonic Wars
b) Hundred Years’ War
c) Seven Years’ War
d) Anglo-French Wars
Answer: a) Napoleonic Wars
Explanation: Dutch lost colonies to the British during Napoleonic Wars.
96. The Dutch focus shifted from India to which region?
a) Persia
b) East Indies (Indonesia)
c) China
d) Africa
Answer: b) East Indies (Indonesia)
Explanation: They prioritized Indonesia over India.
97. The Dutch imported firearms into India mainly for:
a) Peasant rebellions
b) Selling to Zamorins and Travancore kings
c) Their own wars
d) Portuguese allies
Answer: b) Selling to Zamorins and Travancore kings
Explanation: Dutch often sold arms to Indian rulers against Portuguese/British.
98. The only Indian state where Dutch military training influenced the army was:
a) Travancore
b) Mysore
c) Marathas
d) Hyderabad
Answer: a) Travancore
Explanation: De Lannoy restructured Travancore army on European lines.
99. The Dutch introduced which social/economic contribution in Kerala?
a) Pineapple & Tapioca cultivation
b) Modern banking
c) Shipbuilding technology
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Dutch impact included crops, finance, and naval skills.
100. The Dutch legacy in India can be summarized as:
a) Short-lived political influence
b) Strong commercial but weak political role
c) Scientific contributions (botany, crops)
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Dutch played a commercial role, little territorial ambition, but left lasting economic/cultural impact.