1. Natural vegetation of an area depends primarily on:
A) Soil
B) Climate
C) Relief
D) All of the above
Answer: D
Explanation: Vegetation depends on climate, soil, and relief factors.
2. The most widespread natural vegetation in India is:
A) Tropical evergreen forests
B) Tropical deciduous forests
C) Mangrove forests
D) Thorn forests
Answer: B
Explanation: Tropical deciduous forests (monsoon forests) cover the largest area in India.
3. Tropical evergreen forests are mainly found in:
A) Rajasthan and Punjab
B) Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, NE states
C) Deccan Plateau
D) Central India
Answer: B
Explanation: Evergreen forests occur in Western Ghats, NE India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
4. Which forests are also called “Monsoon forests”?
A) Tropical evergreen
B) Tropical deciduous
C) Mangrove
D) Alpine
Answer: B
Explanation: Tropical deciduous forests are called monsoon forests since they shed leaves in dry season.
5. The characteristic tree of tropical evergreen forests is:
A) Teak
B) Rosewood
C) Sal
D) Babool
Answer: B
Explanation: Rosewood, ebony, mahogany are typical evergreen trees.
6. Tropical deciduous forests are of two types:
A) Moist and dry
B) Alpine and sub-alpine
C) Tropical and temperate
D) None
Answer: A
Explanation: Based on rainfall, deciduous forests are moist (>100 cm) and dry (70–100 cm).
7. Sal forests are typical of:
A) Tropical evergreen forests
B) Moist deciduous forests
C) Dry deciduous forests
D) Alpine forests
Answer: B
Explanation: Sal is dominant in moist deciduous forests (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP).
8. Teak is common in:
A) Moist deciduous forests
B) Dry deciduous forests
C) Mangrove forests
D) Desert vegetation
Answer: B
Explanation: Teak dominates dry deciduous forests (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra).
9. Thorn forests are found in which rainfall zone?
A) >200 cm
B) 100–200 cm
C) 70–100 cm
D) <70 cm
Answer: D
Explanation: Thorn and scrub forests are in <70 cm rainfall areas (Rajasthan, Gujarat).
10. The typical trees of thorn forests are:
A) Sal and teak
B) Acacia and Babool
C) Rosewood and mahogany
D) Deodar and pine
Answer: B
Explanation: Acacia, Babool, Khejri are common in thorn forests.
11. Mangrove forests are also called:
A) Alpine forests
B) Tidal forests
C) Monsoon forests
D) Evergreen forests
Answer: B
Explanation: Mangroves are also known as tidal forests, growing in coastal tidal regions.
12. The largest mangrove forest in India is:
A) Godavari delta
B) Sundarbans
C) Mahanadi delta
D) Andaman Islands
Answer: B
Explanation: Sundarbans (West Bengal) form the world’s largest mangrove delta.
13. The characteristic tree of mangrove forests is:
A) Teak
B) Rosewood
C) Sundari tree
D) Deodar
Answer: C
Explanation: Sundari tree gives Sundarbans its name.
14. Littoral and swamp forests are also called:
A) Thorn forests
B) Montane forests
C) Tidal forests
D) Evergreen forests
Answer: C
Explanation: Littoral/swamp forests are tidal/mangrove forests in coastal areas.
15. The natural vegetation of high Himalayas above the snow line is:
A) Alpine forests
B) Tundra vegetation (mosses, lichens)
C) Thorn scrub
D) Deciduous forest
Answer: B
Explanation: Above snowline, vegetation is tundra type – mosses, lichens.
16. Alpine forests are found at which height?
A) 200–500 m
B) 500–1,000 m
C) 1,500–3,500 m
D) Above 5,000 m
Answer: C
Explanation: Alpine forests are between 1,500–3,500 m in Himalayas.
17. The typical trees of Himalayan moist temperate forests are:
A) Oak, chestnut, maple
B) Babool, acacia
C) Teak, sal
D) Sundari, mangrove palms
Answer: A
Explanation: Oak, maple, chestnut grow in temperate Himalayas.
18. Deodar is a type of:
A) Evergreen hardwood
B) Coniferous softwood
C) Thorny shrub
D) Mangrove
Answer: B
Explanation: Deodar (Cedrus deodara) is a coniferous softwood found in western Himalayas.
19. In the Nilgiris and Annamalai Hills, the montane forests are called:
A) Tundra forests
B) Thorn forests
C) Sholas
D) Taiga
Answer: C
Explanation: Shola forests are montane forests of Nilgiris, Annamalai, Palani Hills.
20. Which forest type is commercially most exploited in India?
A) Evergreen forests
B) Deciduous forests
C) Mangrove forests
D) Alpine forests
Answer: B
Explanation: Deciduous forests (sal, teak) are commercially valuable.
21. The percentage of forest cover in India (as per ISFR 2021) is approx.:
A) 12%
B) 24%
C) 33%
D) 40%
Answer: B
Explanation: Forest cover is about 24.62%, below the 33% target.
22. The state with the largest forest area in India is:
A) Arunachal Pradesh
B) Chhattisgarh
C) Madhya Pradesh
D) Odisha
Answer: C
Explanation: Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest area, followed by Arunachal.
23. The state with the highest percentage of forest cover is:
A) Mizoram
B) Arunachal Pradesh
C) Chhattisgarh
D) Nagaland
Answer: A
Explanation: Mizoram (~85%) has the highest % forest cover.
24. The tree “Sundari” belongs to which forest type?
A) Tropical deciduous
B) Thorn forests
C) Mangrove forests
D) Alpine forests
Answer: C
Explanation: Sundari is typical of mangrove forests in Sundarbans.
25. Which type of forest is economically most important in India?
A) Alpine
B) Tropical deciduous
C) Tundra
D) Mangroves
Answer: B
Explanation: Tropical deciduous forests (sal, teak) are the most important for timber and industries.
26. The Western Ghats are rich in which type of forests?
A) Tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen
B) Thorn and scrub
C) Dry deciduous
D) Alpine
Answer: A
Explanation: The Western Ghats have high rainfall, hence evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.
27. The mangrove forests in India are found mostly in:
A) Punjab and Haryana
B) Himalayan foothills
C) Coastal deltas (Sundarbans, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna)
D) Deccan Plateau
Answer: C
Explanation: Mangroves thrive in deltas of major rivers and tidal coastal areas.
28. Which state has the maximum mangrove cover in India?
A) Andhra Pradesh
B) West Bengal
C) Gujarat
D) Odisha
Answer: B
Explanation: West Bengal (Sundarbans) has the largest mangrove cover.
29. The maximum area under tropical deciduous forests is found in:
A) Madhya Pradesh
B) Rajasthan
C) Punjab
D) Kerala
Answer: A
Explanation: Madhya Pradesh has the largest deciduous forest cover.
30. The “Shola forests” are characteristic of:
A) Western Himalayas
B) Eastern Ghats
C) Nilgiri, Annamalai, Palani Hills (Western Ghats)
D) Thar Desert
Answer: C
Explanation: Shola forests are montane forests in the Nilgiris and Western Ghats.
31. The thorn forests are predominantly found in:
A) North-East India
B) Western Rajasthan and Gujarat
C) Kerala and Karnataka
D) Punjab and Haryana plains
Answer: B
Explanation: Thorn forests occur in arid regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
32. Alpine vegetation in India is found mainly in:
A) Nilgiris
B) Aravallis
C) Eastern Ghats
D) Himalayas above 3,500 m
Answer: D
Explanation: Alpine forests and meadows are above 3,500 m in Himalayas.
33. The only place in India where temperate grasslands are found is:
A) Western Ghats
B) Himalayas
C) Deccan Plateau
D) Andaman Islands
Answer: B
Explanation: Temperate grasslands are found in the Himalayan highlands.
34. Littoral forests are found in:
A) Rajasthan
B) Coastal and delta regions
C) Himalayas
D) Central India
Answer: B
Explanation: Littoral and swamp (tidal) forests occur in coastal areas.
35. The Khasi and Jaintia Hills (Meghalaya) are rich in:
A) Tropical evergreen forests
B) Thorn scrub
C) Alpine vegetation
D) Mangroves
Answer: A
Explanation: With heavy rainfall, Meghalaya has evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.
36. The “Sal forests” are found mainly in:
A) Punjab and Haryana
B) Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, MP
C) Gujarat and Rajasthan
D) Kerala and TN
Answer: B
Explanation: Sal forests dominate central and eastern India.
37. The “Teak forests” are common in:
A) Himalayan foothills
B) MP, Maharashtra, Karnataka
C) Punjab plains
D) NE India
Answer: B
Explanation: Teak is typical in dry deciduous forests of MP, Maharashtra, Karnataka.
38. The forests of Andaman and Nicobar Islands are mostly:
A) Mangroves
B) Tropical evergreen
C) Dry deciduous
D) Alpine
Answer: B
Explanation: Islands have evergreen and semi-evergreen forests due to high rainfall.
39. The “Deodar forests” are found in:
A) Western Himalayas (Himachal, J&K, Uttarakhand)
B) Nilgiris
C) Rajasthan
D) Sikkim
Answer: A
Explanation: Deodar (coniferous) is found in Western Himalayas.
40. The “Silver Fir” and “Spruce” are found in:
A) Tropical evergreen forests
B) Himalayan temperate forests
C) Thorn scrub
D) Mangroves
Answer: B
Explanation: Silver fir, spruce, blue pine grow in temperate Himalayan forests.
41. The states having both evergreen and mangrove forests are:
A) Rajasthan and Punjab
B) West Bengal and Kerala
C) Tamil Nadu and Gujarat
D) Odisha and Haryana
Answer: B
Explanation: Kerala has evergreen forests (Western Ghats), West Bengal has mangroves (Sundarbans).
42. In Rajasthan, forests are mostly of which type?
A) Evergreen
B) Dry deciduous and thorn scrub
C) Mangrove
D) Alpine
Answer: B
Explanation: Rajasthan’s forests are mostly thorn scrub and dry deciduous.
43. The Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand) are dominated by:
A) Thorn forests
B) Temperate coniferous forests
C) Evergreen forests
D) Tropical monsoon forests
Answer: B
Explanation: Western Himalayas have coniferous forests (deodar, pine, cedar).
44. The Eastern Himalayas (Arunachal, Sikkim) are dominated by:
A) Tropical thorn
B) Evergreen and alpine forests
C) Desert scrub
D) Mangroves
Answer: B
Explanation: Eastern Himalayas have evergreen forests at low altitudes, alpine at high altitudes.
45. The Gir National Park (Gujarat) has which type of vegetation?
A) Evergreen forests
B) Tropical deciduous and thorn scrub
C) Alpine
D) Mangroves
Answer: B
Explanation: Gir has dry deciduous and thorn forests, ideal for Asiatic lions.
46. The Terai region at Himalayan foothills is covered with:
A) Thorn scrub
B) Tropical evergreen
C) Moist deciduous and swamp forests
D) Alpine
Answer: C
Explanation: Terai is swampy and covered with moist deciduous and swamp forests.
47. Which state has the largest share of bamboo forests in India?
A) Madhya Pradesh
B) Assam
C) Arunachal Pradesh
D) Mizoram
Answer: A
Explanation: Madhya Pradesh has the maximum area under bamboo.
48. The highest mangrove diversity in India is found in:
A) Sundarbans
B) Godavari delta
C) Andaman & Nicobar Islands
D) Mahanadi delta
Answer: C
Explanation: While Sundarbans is largest in area, Andaman & Nicobar Islands have highest diversity.
49. The Khasi hills are famous for which type of forest?
A) Coniferous
B) Evergreen
C) Desert scrub
D) Thorn
Answer: B
Explanation: Khasi hills in Meghalaya have evergreen tropical forests.
50. The natural vegetation of Ladakh region is mainly:
A) Evergreen forests
B) Thorn scrub and alpine meadows
C) Mangroves
D) Moist deciduous
Answer: B
Explanation: Ladakh has sparse thorn scrub, alpine meadows, tundra vegetation due to cold desert climate.
51. Which is the first National Park established in India?
A) Kaziranga
B) Gir
C) Jim Corbett
D) Bandhavgarh
Answer: C
Explanation: Jim Corbett National Park (1936, Uttarakhand) was the first National Park in India.
52. The only natural habitat of Asiatic Lions in the world is:
A) Kanha National Park
B) Gir National Park
C) Jim Corbett
D) Bandipur
Answer: B
Explanation: Gir National Park (Gujarat) is the only home of Asiatic lions.
53. The “Kaziranga National Park” in Assam is famous for:
A) Bengal Tigers
B) Asiatic Lions
C) One-horned Rhinoceros
D) Elephants
Answer: C
Explanation: Kaziranga (UNESCO site) is home to the world’s largest population of one-horned rhinoceros.
54. Which National Park is also called “Tiger’s Paradise”?
A) Bandhavgarh
B) Periyar
C) Ranthambore
D) Kanha
Answer: A
Explanation: Bandhavgarh (Madhya Pradesh) has the highest tiger density in India.
55. Which is the largest National Park in India?
A) Hemis
B) Gir
C) Sundarbans
D) Jim Corbett
Answer: A
Explanation: Hemis National Park (Ladakh) is the largest (~4,400 sq km), famous for snow leopards.
56. The Sundarbans National Park is famous for which animal?
A) Asiatic Lion
B) Bengal Tiger
C) Snow Leopard
D) One-horned Rhino
Answer: B
Explanation: Sundarbans is the world’s largest mangrove tiger habitat, home to the Royal Bengal Tiger.
57. The Periyar National Park (Kerala) is famous for:
A) Tiger
B) Elephant
C) Lion
D) Rhino
Answer: B
Explanation: Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala is known for its elephant population.
58. Which is the first Biosphere Reserve established in India?
A) Nilgiri
B) Nanda Devi
C) Sundarbans
D) Gulf of Mannar
Answer: A
Explanation: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (1986) was the first Biosphere Reserve in India.
59. The largest Biosphere Reserve in India is:
A) Sundarbans
B) Nanda Devi
C) Gulf of Kachchh
D) Great Nicobar
Answer: D
Explanation: Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (~8,800 sq km) is the largest in India.
60. The “Project Tiger” in India was launched in:
A) 1965
B) 1970
C) 1973
D) 1980
Answer: C
Explanation: Project Tiger (1973) aimed to conserve tigers, starting with 9 reserves.
61. Which Tiger Reserve has the largest tiger population in India (as per 2022 census)?
A) Bandipur
B) Corbett
C) Nagarhole
D) Madhya Pradesh reserves combined
Answer: B
Explanation: Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve has the largest number of tigers in India.
62. The “Silent Valley National Park” is located in:
A) Tamil Nadu
B) Kerala
C) Karnataka
D) Assam
Answer: B
Explanation: Silent Valley (Kerala) is famous for evergreen forests and lion-tailed macaque.
63. Which Biosphere Reserve in India is a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
A) Sundarbans
B) Great Nicobar
C) Nanda Devi
D) All of the above
Answer: D
Explanation: Sundarbans, Nanda Devi, Nilgiri, Great Nicobar are UNESCO-recognized.
64. The only floating National Park in the world is in India. Which is it?
A) Chilika
B) Keibul Lamjao (Manipur)
C) Loktak
D) Nal Sarovar
Answer: B
Explanation: Keibul Lamjao (Manipur) is the only floating national park, home to Sangai deer.
65. Which state has the maximum number of Tiger Reserves in India?
A) Madhya Pradesh
B) Maharashtra
C) Karnataka
D) Assam
Answer: A
Explanation: Madhya Pradesh (7 reserves) is called the “Tiger State of India.”
66. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is famous for:
A) Coral reefs and marine biodiversity
B) Asiatic lions
C) Himalayan species
D) Dry forests
Answer: A
Explanation: Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu) has coral reefs, sea grass, and marine life.
67. Which National Park is known as the “Mini Kaziranga”?
A) Orang
B) Manas
C) Nameri
D) Rajaji
Answer: A
Explanation: Orang National Park (Assam) is called Mini Kaziranga for its rhino population.
68. The only Biosphere Reserve in the Himalayas included in UNESCO’s list is:
A) Nilgiri
B) Nanda Devi
C) Great Nicobar
D) Sundarbans
Answer: B
Explanation: Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttarakhand) is UNESCO-listed.
69. The “Ranthambore National Park” is located in:
A) Gujarat
B) Madhya Pradesh
C) Rajasthan
D) Maharashtra
Answer: C
Explanation: Ranthambore (Rajasthan) is a famous Tiger Reserve.
70. The “Valley of Flowers” National Park is located in:
A) Himachal Pradesh
B) Uttarakhand
C) Jammu & Kashmir
D) Sikkim
Answer: B
Explanation: Valley of Flowers (Uttarakhand) is a UNESCO heritage site, famous for alpine meadows.
71. The Simlipal Tiger Reserve is in:
A) Chhattisgarh
B) Odisha
C) West Bengal
D) Jharkhand
Answer: B
Explanation: Simlipal Tiger Reserve (Odisha) is part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve.
72. The Great Himalayan National Park is located in:
A) Jammu & Kashmir
B) Uttarakhand
C) Himachal Pradesh
D) Sikkim
Answer: C
Explanation: Great Himalayan NP (Himachal Pradesh) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
73. The “Kanha National Park” is famous for:
A) Asiatic Lion
B) One-horned Rhino
C) Swamp Deer (Barasingha)
D) Snow Leopard
Answer: C
Explanation: Kanha NP (Madhya Pradesh) is famous for Barasingha (Swamp Deer).
74. Which National Park is the only habitat of the Asiatic Wild Ass?
A) Corbett
B) Gir
C) Little Rann of Kutch
D) Periyar
Answer: C
Explanation: Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch (Gujarat) is the only habitat of Asiatic Wild Ass.
75. Which National Park was the first to be included under Project Tiger?
A) Jim Corbett
B) Kanha
C) Bandhavgarh
D) Sundarbans
Answer: A
Explanation: Jim Corbett was the first Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger (1973).
76. The India State of Forest Report (ISFR) is published by:
A) Ministry of Agriculture
B) NITI Aayog
C) Forest Survey of India (MoEFCC)
D) Planning Commission
Answer: C
Explanation: Forest Survey of India (FSI) under MoEFCC releases ISFR every 2 years.
77. As per ISFR 2021, India’s total forest and tree cover is approx.:
A) 18%
B) 22%
C) 24%
D) 33%
Answer: C
Explanation: Total forest + tree cover = ~24.62% of India’s geographical area.
78. The National Forest Policy of India (1988) aims to maintain how much forest cover?
A) 20%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 33%
Answer: D
Explanation: The policy target is 33% forest cover (and 67% in hilly regions).
79. Which state recorded the highest increase in forest cover in ISFR 2021?
A) Andhra Pradesh
B) Telangana
C) Odisha
D) Arunachal Pradesh
Answer: B
Explanation: Telangana recorded the highest net increase in forest cover.
80. The Chipko Movement was associated with conservation of:
A) Soil
B) Water
C) Forests
D) Wildlife
Answer: C
Explanation: Chipko Movement (1970s, Uttarakhand) was a grassroots movement to protect forests.
81. The Bishnoi community of Rajasthan is famous for protecting:
A) Tigers
B) Lions
C) Blackbuck and trees
D) Elephants
Answer: C
Explanation: Bishnois are known for protecting blackbuck and khejri trees.
82. The “National Afforestation Programme (NAP)” was launched in:
A) 1990
B) 1999
C) 2002
D) 2010
Answer: C
Explanation: NAP (2002) is a major program for afforestation and eco-restoration.
83. Which is the only state in India with a forest cover of more than 80%?
A) Arunachal Pradesh
B) Nagaland
C) Mizoram
D) Meghalaya
Answer: C
Explanation: Mizoram (~85%) has the highest percentage of forest cover.
84. Sacred groves, patches of forest preserved due to cultural beliefs, are mainly found in:
A) Rajasthan and Punjab
B) North-East India and Western Ghats
C) Gujarat and Haryana
D) Bihar and UP
Answer: B
Explanation: Sacred groves are traditional forest patches found in NE India and Western Ghats.
85. “Van Mahotsav” (Tree Plantation Festival) was started by:
A) Mahatma Gandhi
B) Indira Gandhi
C) K.M. Munshi
D) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: C
Explanation: K.M. Munshi (1950) started Van Mahotsav to encourage afforestation.
86. The Aravalli hills are known for which type of vegetation?
A) Evergreen
B) Dry deciduous and thorn
C) Alpine
D) Mangrove
Answer: B
Explanation: Aravallis have thorn scrub and dry deciduous vegetation.
87. Which Indian state has a unique tropical rainforest called “Silent Valley”?
A) Karnataka
B) Kerala
C) Tamil Nadu
D) Assam
Answer: B
Explanation: Silent Valley National Park (Kerala) preserves tropical evergreen rainforest.
88. The Desert National Park in Rajasthan protects which endangered species?
A) Asiatic Lion
B) Great Indian Bustard
C) Blackbuck
D) Leopard
Answer: B
Explanation: Desert National Park is famous for the Great Indian Bustard.
89. Which is India’s largest mangrove forest region?
A) Mahanadi Delta
B) Godavari Delta
C) Sundarbans
D) Andaman & Nicobar
Answer: C
Explanation: Sundarbans (West Bengal) is the largest mangrove forest area.
90. Bamboo is most abundant in:
A) Chhattisgarh
B) Madhya Pradesh
C) North-East India
D) Uttarakhand
Answer: C
Explanation: North-East states (esp. Mizoram, Assam, Arunachal) have the maximum bamboo cover.
91. Which organization manages Biosphere Reserves in India?
A) MoEFCC
B) NITI Aayog
C) State Governments
D) ICAR
Answer: A
Explanation: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change manages Biosphere Reserves.
92. India’s first Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) was notified around:
A) Sundarbans
B) Gir
C) Great Himalayan National Park
D) Nilgiri Biosphere
Answer: B
Explanation: Gir National Park (Gujarat) was the first to be declared an ESZ.
93. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was set up in:
A) 2000
B) 2005
C) 2010
D) 2014
Answer: C
Explanation: NGT (2010) deals with cases related to environment protection and forests.
94. Which Indian state has the highest number of National Parks?
A) Uttarakhand
B) Assam
C) Madhya Pradesh
D) Maharashtra
Answer: C
Explanation: Madhya Pradesh has 12 National Parks (highest in India).
95. Which Indian Biosphere Reserve is famous for the Sangai deer (dancing deer)?
A) Sundarbans
B) Keibul Lamjao (Manipur)
C) Great Nicobar
D) Gulf of Mannar
Answer: B
Explanation: Keibul Lamjao is famous for Sangai deer.
96. Which is the smallest National Park in India?
A) South Button NP (Andaman & Nicobar)
B) Balphakram NP
C) Dibru-Saikhowa NP
D) Van Vihar NP
Answer: A
Explanation: South Button Island NP (2 sq km, A&N Islands) is the smallest NP in India.
97. The “Arctic Tern” bird species migrates to India during:
A) Summer
B) Monsoon
C) Winter
D) Post-monsoon
Answer: C
Explanation: Arctic Tern migrates in winter, traveling thousands of kilometers.
98. Which state recently declared the “Dehing Patkai” as a National Park (2021)?
A) Assam
B) Arunachal Pradesh
C) Meghalaya
D) Manipur
Answer: A
Explanation: Assam (2021) declared Dehing Patkai National Park to protect rainforests.
99. Which tree species is commonly called the “Kalpavriksha” in India?
A) Banyan
B) Coconut
C) Neem
D) Peepal
Answer: B
Explanation: Coconut tree is called Kalpavriksha, as every part is useful.
100. Which campaign was launched in 2020 for urban forestry in India?
A) Nagar Van Yojana
B) Green India Mission
C) Van Mahotsav
D) Jal Shakti Abhiyan
Answer: A
Explanation: Nagar Van Yojana (2020) promotes development of urban forests in Indian cities.