{"id":12970,"date":"2025-09-25T10:03:29","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T09:03:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/?p=12970"},"modified":"2026-01-19T06:48:58","modified_gmt":"2026-01-19T06:48:58","slug":"genetics-top-100-mcqs-with-answer-and-explanation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/25\/genetics-top-100-mcqs-with-answer-and-explanation\/","title":{"rendered":"Genetics Top 100 MCQs With Answer and Explanation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">1. Who is known as the &#8220;Father of Genetics&#8221;?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Charles Darwin<br>B) Gregor Mendel<br>C) Thomas Hunt Morgan<br>D) Watson and Crick<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Mendel, through his experiments on pea plants (Pisum sativum), formulated the laws of inheritance. He is called the Father of Genetics.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">2. Mendel conducted experiments on<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Maize<br>B) Pea (Pisum sativum)<br>C) Wheat<br>D) Sunflower<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Mendel selected pea plants because they had contrasting characters, short generation time, could self-pollinate, and allowed controlled cross-pollination.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">3. Mendel studied inheritance of traits using<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Hybridization<br>B) Pure line breeding<br>C) Controlled pollination<br>D) All of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: D  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>   Mendel used true-breeding plants, hybridization experiments, and carefully controlled pollination to study inheritance.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">4. The law of segregation is also known as<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Law of purity of gametes<br>B) Law of dominance<br>C) Law of independent assortment<br>D) Law of blending inheritance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>   It states that alleles segregate during gamete formation and each gamete receives only one allele of a pair.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">5. Which Mendelian law explains independent inheritance of traits?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Law of dominance<br>B) Law of segregation<br>C) Law of independent assortment<br>D) Law of blending<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Traits assort independently because alleles of different genes are distributed into gametes randomly.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">6. The phenotypic ratio in monohybrid cross (F2 generation) is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 3:1<br>B) 1:2:1<br>C) 9:3:3:1<br>D) 2:1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  In a cross like Tt \u00d7 Tt, 3 plants are tall and 1 dwarf, giving 3:1 ratio.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"><strong>7. The genotypic ratio in monohybrid cross (F2 generation) is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/strong><\/mark>A) 3:1<br>B) 1:2:1<br>C) 9:3:3:1<br>D) 1:1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Genotypes are TT : Tt : tt in ratio 1:2:1.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">8. The phenotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross (F2 generation) is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 9:3:3:1<br>B) 1:2:1<br>C) 3:1<br>D) 2:1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Crossing RrYy \u00d7 RrYy produces 9 round yellow, 3 round green, 3 wrinkled yellow, 1 wrinkled green.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">9. The parental generation (P) in Mendel\u2019s experiments were<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Hybrid plants<br>B) True-breeding plants<br>C) Mutants<br>D) Wild varieties<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Mendel used homozygous plants that consistently produced the same traits.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">10. Crossing tall (TT) with dwarf (tt) gives all tall progeny (Tt). This shows<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Segregation<br>B) Dominance<br>C) Recessiveness<br>D) Independent assortment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  The tall allele (T) masks dwarf allele (t), proving dominance.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">11. When both alleles express equally in heterozygote, it is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Dominance<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"><br><\/mark><\/strong>B) Codominance<br>C) Recessiveness<br>D) Epistasis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>   In codominance, both alleles are expressed (e.g., blood group IAIB shows both A and B antigens).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">12. Incomplete dominance was first reported in<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Pea<br>B) Four o\u2019clock plant (Mirabilis jalapa)<br>C) Maize<br>D) Wheat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Red (RR) \u00d7 White (rr) give Pink (Rr) in F1, showing blending of traits.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">13. Test cross involves<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Crossing F1 with dominant parent<br>B) Crossing F1 with recessive parent<br>C) Crossing two F1 individuals<br>D) Crossing two recessive parents<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Test cross is used to determine whether a plant with dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">14. The ratio obtained in test cross of dihybrid (AaBb \u00d7 aabb)<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 9:3:3:1<br>B) 1:2:1<br>C) 1:1:1:1<br>D) 3:1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Each gamete combination results in equal proportion of four phenotypes.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">15. Alleles are<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Different forms of a gene<br>B) Different forms of a chromosome<br>C) Homologous chromosomes<br>D) Non-coding DNA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Alleles represent variants of a gene located at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">16. If heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt) is selfed, probability of dwarf offspring is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 0%<br>B) 25%<br>C) 50%<br>D) 75%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Cross Tt \u00d7 Tt gives TT, Tt, Tt, tt \u2192 1\/4 are dwarf (tt).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">17. A homozygous tall (TT) crossed with heterozygous tall (Tt) gives ratio<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 1 TT : 1 Tt<br>B) 3 Tall : 1 Dwarf<br>C) 1:2:1<br>D) All tall<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Gametes: TT \u00d7 Tt \u2192 TT and Tt, all tall but genotypic ratio 1:1.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">18. Dominant traits studied by Mendel included<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Tall stem, round seed, yellow seed<br>B) Dwarf stem, wrinkled seed, green seed<br>C) Red flower, white seed<br>D) Green pod, terminal flower<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  These were among Mendel\u2019s seven dominant traits in pea.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">19. Crossing Aa \u00d7 Aa produces heterozygotes in what proportion?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 25%<br>B) 50%<br>C) 75%<br>D) 100%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Cross Aa \u00d7 Aa \u2192 25% AA, 50% Aa, 25% aa. Thus, heterozygotes = 50%.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">20. Independent assortment occurs because of<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Crossing over<br>B) Random orientation of homologous chromosomes<br>C) Mutation<br>D) Gene duplication<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  During metaphase I of meiosis, chromosomes align randomly leading to assortment of alleles.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">21. The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Allele<br>B) Genome<br>C) Locus<br>D) Codon<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  A locus is the fixed position where a gene resides on a chromosome.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">22. Which of the following is a monohybrid cross?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Aa \u00d7 Aa<br>B) AaBb \u00d7 AaBb<br>C) AaBb \u00d7 aabb<br>D) TtRr \u00d7 TtRr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Monohybrid cross involves a single trait\/gene, hence Aa \u00d7 Aa.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">23. Back cross means<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Crossing F1 with F1<br>B) Crossing F1 with any parent<br>C) Crossing F1 with dominant parent only<br>D) Crossing F1 with recessive parent only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  A back cross can be with either dominant or recessive parent to check genotype or improve traits.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">24. Example of recessive trait in Mendel\u2019s pea<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Tall stem<br>B) Round seed<br>C) Green seed<br>D) Yellow pod<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Green seed color was recessive, while yellow was dominant.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">25. If both alleles are identical, the condition is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Heterozygous<br>B) Homozygous<br>C) Hybrid<br>D) Dominant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Homozygous individuals have identical alleles (TT or tt).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">26. When a single gene controls more than one trait, the phenomenon is called<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Epistasis<br>B) Pleiotropy<br>C) Codominance<br>D) Polygenic inheritance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  In pleiotropy, one gene affects multiple traits. Example: sickle-cell anemia gene affects hemoglobin, RBC shape, and resistance to malaria.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">27. Skin color in humans is an example of<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong><br>A) Monogenic inheritance<br>B) Pleiotropy<br>C) Polygenic inheritance<br>D) Codominance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Skin color is controlled by multiple genes, each adding a small effect (quantitative inheritance).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">28. Interaction of two non-allelic genes where one masks the effect of another is called<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Codominance<br>B) Incomplete dominance<br>C) Epistasis<br>D) Polygenic inheritance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Example: Coat color in mice, where one gene masks expression of another.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">29. The ABO blood group in humans shows<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Dominance<br>B) Codominance and multiple alleles<br>C) Incomplete dominance<br>D) Epistasis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  IA and IB are codominant, i is recessive; thus, 3 alleles control ABO system.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">30. Incomplete dominance results in<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Blending of traits in heterozygote<br>B) Expression of both traits fully<br>C) Complete dominance<br>D) Suppression of traits<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Red \u00d7 White flower in Mirabilis gives pink.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">31. Example of codominance in humans is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Sickle-cell anemia<br>B) ABO blood group<br>C) Albinism<br>D) Cystic fibrosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Both IA and IB express equally in blood group AB.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">32. Lethal alleles were first studied in<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mice<br>B) Pea<br>C) Maize<br>D) Drosophila<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: D  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Inheritance of yellow body color in Drosophila led to discovery of lethal alleles.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">33. Which cross gives 9:7 phenotypic ratio?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Duplicate genes<br>B) Complementary genes<br>C) Codominance<br>D) Lethal genes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Both genes are required for expression; absence of either masks the trait.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">34. Which cross gives 15:1 phenotypic ratio?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Duplicate genes<br>B) Complementary genes<br>C) Epistasis<br>D) Codominance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Either of two dominant genes can produce the trait.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">35. Which cross gives 9:3:4 phenotypic ratio?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Recessive epistasis<br>B) Dominant epistasis<br>C) Codominance<br>D) Incomplete dominance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Example: Coat color in mice.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">36. Which cross gives 12:3:1 ratio?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Duplicate genes<br>B) Recessive epistasis<br>C) Dominant epistasis<br>D) Complementary genes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Presence of one dominant allele masks expression of another gene.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">37. Which cross gives 13:3 ratio?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Suppressor gene action<br>B) Recessive epistasis<br>C) Duplicate gene<br>D) Dominant epistasis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  One gene suppresses the effect of another.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">38. Who discovered linkage?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mendel<br>B) Morgan<br>C) Bateson and Punnett<br>D) Watson and Crick<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  They observed deviation from 9:3:3:1 ratio in sweet pea (Lathyrus).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">39. Who explained linkage using Drosophila?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mendel<br>B) Thomas Hunt Morgan<br>C) Bateson<br>D) Darwin<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Morgan studied X-linked genes in Drosophila and explained linkage.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">40. Linkage is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong><br>A) Independent assortment of genes<br>B) Tendency of genes to be inherited together<br>C) Random mutation<br>D) Codominance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>   Genes close on the same chromosome are inherited together.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">41. The strength of linkage between two genes depends on<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Distance between genes on chromosome<br>B) Type of gametes<br>C) Type of dominance<br>D) DNA replication<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Closer genes show stronger linkage.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">42. Crossing over occurs in<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mitosis<br>B) Prophase I of meiosis<br>C) Metaphase II<br>D) Anaphase I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Homologous chromosomes exchange segments during pachytene.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">43. The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids is called<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mutation<br>B) Crossing over<br>C) Independent assortment<br>D) Recombination<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Crossing over is the physical process where homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) align and exchange segments of their DNA.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">44. The unit of recombination frequency is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Centromere<br>B) Map unit (centimorgan)<br>C) Base pair<br>D) Chromatid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  1% recombination = 1 centimorgan (cM).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">45. Maximum recombination frequency possible between two genes is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 25%<br>B) 50%<br>C) 75%<br>D) 100%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  When genes are very far apart, they assort independently (like unlinked).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">46. If two genes show 20% recombination, distance between them is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 2 cM<br>B) 20 cM<br>C) 50 cM<br>D) 200 cM<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  The relationship between recombination frequency and genetic distance is measured in centimorgans (cM) or map units. By definition, $1\\%$ recombination frequency is equal to 1 centimorgan (cM).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">47. The first genetic map was prepared by<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mendel<br>B) Morgan<br>C) Sturtevant<br>D) Watson<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  A student of Morgan, he mapped genes in Drosophila using recombination frequencies.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">48. Coupling and repulsion hypothesis was given by<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Bateson and Punnett<br>B) Morgan<br>C) Mendel<br>D) Sturtevant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  They observed linked genes inherited together (coupling) or separately (repulsion).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">49. A test cross with linked genes shows<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 9:3:3:1<br>B) 1:2:1<br>C) Deviation from Mendelian ratio<br>D) 3:1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Linked genes do not assort independently.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">50. Linkage reduces<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mutation<br>B) Independent assortment<br>C) Crossing over<br>D) Gene expression<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">51. The physical basis of heredity is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Genes<br>B) Chromosomes<br>C) DNA<br>D) Protein<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Chromosomes carry genes, the units of heredity. Sutton and Boveri (1902) proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">52. Genes are located on<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Centromere<br>B) Chromosomes<br>C) Ribosomes<br>D) Mitochondria only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Genes are specific DNA sequences present at loci on chromosomes.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">53. Who proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mendel<br>B) Sutton and Boveri<br>C) Morgan<br>D) Watson and Crick<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  They correlated Mendel\u2019s factors with chromosomes.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">54. In humans, the number of chromosomes is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 23<br>B) 46<br>C) 44<br>D) 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Humans have 23 pairs = 46 chromosomes (22 autosome pairs + 1 sex chromosome pair).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">55. The term &#8220;linkage group&#8221; refers to<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Chromosome<br>B) Gene cluster<br>C) Alleles<br>D) Genome<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Each chromosome carries one linkage group (all genes inherited together).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">56. Mutation is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Change in phenotype only<br>B) Sudden heritable change in genetic material<br>C) Gene recombination<br>D) Environmental adaptation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  A mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">57. Mutations that occur in gametes are called<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Somatic mutations<br>B) Germinal mutations<br>C) Chromosomal aberrations<br>D) Induced mutations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  They are heritable and passed to offspring.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">58. Mutations occurring in body cells are<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Germinal mutations<br>B) Somatic mutations<br>C) Induced mutations<br>D) Chromosomal mutations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Somatic mutations are not inherited by offspring.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">59. Mutation in a single nucleotide is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Point mutation<br>B) Frameshift mutation<br>C) Chromosomal mutation<br>D) Polyploidy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Example: Sickle cell anemia caused by substitution of A \u2192 T in HBB gene.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">60. Sickle cell anemia is caused by substitution of<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Glutamic acid \u2192 Valine<br>B) Valine \u2192 Glutamic acid<br>C) Glycine \u2192 Serine<br>D) Alanine \u2192 Glycine<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  At 6th position of \u03b2-globin chain, glutamic acid is replaced by valine.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">61. Frameshift mutation is caused by<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Substitution of base<br>B) Addition or deletion of base<br>C) Inversion of segment<br>D) Duplication of gene<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Alters reading frame, changing all downstream codons.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">62. A mutation that changes one codon to a stop codon is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Missense mutation<br>B) Nonsense mutation<br>C) Silent mutation<br>D) Neutral mutation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Leads to premature termination of protein synthesis.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">63. Down\u2019s syndrome is caused by<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Trisomy of chromosome 21<br>B) Monosomy of X<br>C) Trisomy of 18<br>D) Deletion of chromosome 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is the most common chromosomal anomaly in humans.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">64. Turner\u2019s syndrome is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 47, XXY<br>B) 45, XO<br>C) 47, XYY<br>D) 46, XY<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Females with single X chromosome, sterile.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">65. Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 47, XXY<br>B) 45, XO<br>C) 47, XYY<br>D) 46, XY<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b> Males with extra X chromosome, show sterility and feminine characters.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">66. Cri-du-chat syndrome results from<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong><br>A) Trisomy of chromosome 18<br>B) Deletion of short arm of chromosome 5<br>C) Trisomy of chromosome 13<br>D) Translocation of chromosome 21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Causes cat-like cry in infants.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">67. Who discovered transformation in bacteria?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Griffith<br>B) Avery, MacLeod, McCarty<br>C) Hershey and Chase<br>D) Watson and Crick<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  In 1928, Griffith showed transfer of genetic material in Streptococcus pneumoniae.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">68. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty proved that the transforming principle was<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong><br>A) Protein<br>B) RNA<br>C) DNA<br>D) Lipid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  While Frederick Griffith first discovered the &#8220;transforming principle&#8221; in 1928, it was the team of Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty in 1944 who provided the first definitive chemical evidence that DNA is the hereditary material.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">69. Hershey and Chase experiment with bacteriophage showed<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Protein is genetic material<br>B) DNA is genetic material<br>C) RNA is genetic material in all organisms<br>D) Chromosomes carry only proteins<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  DNA (labelled with 32P) entered bacteria, proteins (labelled with 35S) did not.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">70. In some viruses, genetic material is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) DNA only<br>B) RNA only<br>C) Either DNA or RNA<br>D) Both DNA and RNA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Viruses may have DNA (bacteriophages) or RNA (HIV, influenza).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">71. The double helix model of DNA was proposed by<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Hershey and Chase<br>B) Avery and MacLeod<br>C) Watson and Crick<br>D) Franklin and Wilkins<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick published their groundbreaking paper in the journal Nature, proposing the double helix structure of DNA. For this discovery, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">72. The base pairing rule of DNA was given by<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Watson<br>B) Chargaff<br>C) Crick<br>D) Franklin<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  A = T, G = C, purines equal pyrimidines.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">73. In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine by<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) One H-bond<br>B) Two H-bonds<br>C) Three H-bonds<br>D) Covalent bond<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  In the DNA double helix, the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases. Specifically, Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) using two hydrogen bonds.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">74. In DNA, guanine pairs with cytosine by<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) One H-bond<br>B) Two H-bonds<br>C) Three H-bonds<br>D) Covalent bond<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  In the double helix structure of DNA, nitrogenous bases from opposite strands pair up via hydrogen bonds. Specifically, Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C) using three hydrogen bonds.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">75. The backbone of DNA is made up of<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Nucleotide bases only<br>B) Sugar and phosphate<br>C) Ribose and uracil<br>D) Hydrogen bonds<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Deoxyribose sugars linked by phosphate groups form the backbone, while bases project inward.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">76. The three stop codons are<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) AUG, UAA, UAG<br>B) UAA, UAG, UGA<br>C) AUG, UGA, UGG<br>D) UAA, UGA, GUG<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  These codons do not code for amino acids and terminate protein synthesis.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">77. The start codon for protein synthesis is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) UAA<br>B) AUG<br>C) UGA<br>D) UAG<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  AUG codes for methionine and serves as initiation codon.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"><strong>78. The genetic code is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/strong><\/mark>A) Ambiguous<br>B) Non-overlapping, nearly universal<br>C) Random<br>D) Different for each organism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  The same codons specify the same amino acids in almost all organisms.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">79. Who proved that one gene codes for one enzyme?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Griffith<br>B) Beadle and Tatum<br>C) Watson and Crick<br>D) Mendel<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  In Neurospora crassa, they showed \u201cone gene\u2013one enzyme\u201d hypothesis.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">80. The updated concept of Beadle and Tatum is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) One gene\u2013one protein<br>B) One gene\u2013one polypeptide<br>C) One gene\u2013one trait<br>D) One gene\u2013many enzymes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Some proteins consist of multiple polypeptide chains encoded by different genes.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">81. The central dogma of molecular biology was given by<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Watson<br>B) Crick<br>C) Mendel<br>D) Morgan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Information flows DNA \u2192 RNA \u2192 Protein.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">82. Transcription is the process of<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) RNA \u2192 DNA<br>B) DNA \u2192 RNA<br>C) RNA \u2192 Protein<br>D) DNA replication<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  transcription is the first step of gene expression. It is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">83. Translation is the process of<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) RNA \u2192 DNA<br>B) DNA \u2192 RNA<br>C) RNA \u2192 Protein<br>D) DNA replication<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  translation is the final step of gene expression where the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is &#8220;decoded&#8221; to build a specific chain of amino acids, which then folds into a functional protein.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">84. Enzyme involved in transcription<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) DNA polymerase<br>B) RNA polymerase<br>C) Ligase<br>D) Helicase<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  RNA polymerase is the primary enzyme responsible for transcription. It &#8220;reads&#8221; a specific sequence of DNA and assembles a complementary strand of RNA.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">85. Enzyme that removes supercoiling during DNA replication is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Helicase<br>B) Topoisomerase (gyrase)<br>C) Primase<br>D) Ligase<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  During DNA replication, as the helicase enzyme unwinds the double helix, the DNA ahead of the replication fork becomes tightly twisted and overwound. This physical tension is known as supercoiling.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">86. Okazaki fragments are formed during<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Transcription<br>B) Leading strand synthesis<br>C) Lagging strand synthesis<br>D) RNA splicing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  DNA polymerase works in 5\u2032 \u2192 3\u2032 direction, producing fragments on lagging strand.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">87. The functional unit of DNA carrying information for protein synthesis is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Chromosome<br>B) Gene<br>C) Codon<br>D) Nucleotide<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  a gene is specifically defined as the functional unit of heredity and the segment of DNA that contains the specific instructions required to synthesize a protein (or a functional RNA molecule).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">88. Splicing in eukaryotes removes<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Exons<br>B) Introns<br>C) Codons<br>D) mRNA cap<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Non-coding introns are removed, exons are joined.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">89. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Coupled (occur simultaneously)<br>B) Separate processes<br>C) Only transcription occurs<br>D) Only translation occurs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: A  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  In prokaryotes, transcription and translation happen in the same location (the cytoplasm) because these organisms lack a membrane-bound nucleus.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">90. In eukaryotes, mRNA is first produced as<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mature mRNA<br>B) Pre-mRNA (hnRNA)<br>C) tRNA<br>D) rRNA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  In eukaryotes, the initial product of transcription is not immediately ready for protein synthesis. This &#8220;raw&#8221; transcript is called pre-mRNA or heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">91. The anticodon is found on<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) DNA<br>B) mRNA<br>C) tRNA<br>D) rRNA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Anticodon base-pairs with mRNA codon during translation.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">92. Ribosomes are sites of<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) DNA replication<br>B) RNA transcription<br>C) Protein synthesis<br>D) Mutation repair<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Ribosomes are the &#8220;factories&#8221; of the cell. Their primary job is to read the instructions provided by mRNA and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein. This specific process is known as translation.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">93. The first genetic material was likely<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) DNA<br>B) RNA<br>C) Protein<br>D) Lipid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  RNA world hypothesis suggests RNA acted as both genetic material and catalyst.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">94. Who discovered transposons (jumping genes)?<br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Mendel<br>B) Barbara McClintock<br>C) Morgan<br>D) Griffith<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Barbara McClintock discovered transposons, often called &#8220;jumping genes,&#8221; through her pioneering work on maize (corn) in the 1940s and 1950s.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">95. VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats) are used in<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Protein synthesis<br>B) DNA fingerprinting<br>C) Mutation repair<br>D) RNA editing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats) are short nucleotide sequences that are organized as tandem repeats.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">96. Human genome has approximately<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 1,000 genes<br>B) 20,000\u201325,000 genes<br>C) 1 million genes<br>D) 46 genes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b> When the Human Genome Project (HGP) was first launched, scientists expected to find over 100,000 genes. However, when the project was completed in 2003, the scientific community was surprised to find that humans only have about 20,000 to 25,000 protein-coding genes.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">97. Human Genome Project was completed in<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) 1995<br>B) 2003<br>C) 2010<br>D) 1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: B  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international, publicly funded scientific research project that began in 1990. It was declared complete on April 14, 2003, remarkably finishing two years ahead of its original 15-year schedule.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">98. A child with blood group O cannot have parents with<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) A and B<br>B) A and O<br>C) B and O<br>D) AB and O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: D  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  O group (ii) requires both parents to contribute i allele; AB parent cannot provide i.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">99. Haemophilia is<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"> ____________.<\/mark><\/strong><br><\/mark><\/strong>A) Autosomal dominant<br>B) Autosomal recessive<br>C) X-linked recessive<br>D) Y-linked<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  Males suffer more, females are usually carriers.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">100. Color blindness is:<\/mark><\/strong><br>A) Autosomal dominant<br>B) Autosomal recessive<br>C) X-linked recessive<br>D) Y-linked<\/p>\n\n\n\n<button class=\"acc\">Show Answer<\/button>\n<div class=\"pnl\">\n  <p style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><b> Answer: C  <\/b><BR>\n<b>Explanation:<\/b>  The gene is on the X chromosome; more common in males.\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Who is known as the &#8220;Father of Genetics&#8221;?A) Charles DarwinB) Gregor MendelC) Thomas Hunt MorganD) Watson and Crick Show Answer Answer: B Explanation: Mendel, through his experiments on pea plants (Pisum sativum), formulated the laws of inheritance. He is called the Father of Genetics. 2. Mendel conducted experiments on ____________.A) MaizeB) Pea (Pisum sativum)C)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[16477,16133,16490,16154,16147,16158,16139,16467,16491,16474,16460,16493,16135,16481,16480,16469,16497,16478,16475,16484,16461,16496,16284,16465,16462,16464,16476,16498,16483,11003,16499,16486,16471,16472,16494,16479,16501,4029,5649,5652,5623,16466,16470,16500,16489,16492,16473,16502,16468,16487,16485,16495,16463,16488,16482],"class_list":{"0":"post-12970","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-biology","7":"tag-alleles","8":"tag-biology-mcqs","9":"tag-biology-practice-questions","10":"tag-biology-questions-and-answers","11":"tag-biology-quiz","12":"tag-biology-revision","13":"tag-biology-study-material","14":"tag-biotechnology","15":"tag-cell-division-and-genetics","16":"tag-chromosomal-theory","17":"tag-chromosome-structure","18":"tag-classical-genetics","19":"tag-competitive-exam-biology","20":"tag-dihybrid-cross","21":"tag-dna-replication","22":"tag-dna-structure","23":"tag-dominant-and-recessive-traits","24":"tag-evolution-and-genetics","25":"tag-gene-expression","26":"tag-gene-mapping","27":"tag-genes-and-chromosomes","28":"tag-genetic-code","29":"tag-genetic-disorders","30":"tag-genetic-engineering","31":"tag-genetic-variation","32":"tag-genetics-concepts","33":"tag-genetics-for-students","34":"tag-genetics-mcqs","35":"tag-genetics-notes","36":"tag-genetics-top-100-mcqs-with-answer-and-explanation","37":"tag-genotype","38":"tag-hereditary-information","39":"tag-heredity","40":"tag-human-genetics","41":"tag-important-biology-topics","42":"tag-inheritance-patterns","43":"tag-laws-of-inheritance","44":"tag-mcqs-adda","45":"tag-mcqs-for-pc-psi-sda-fda-pdo-vao-banking-kas-ias-ssc-gd-ssc-chsl-ssc-cgl-for-all-compitative-exams","46":"tag-mcqs-for-pc-psi-sda-fda-pdo-vao-banking-kas-ias-ssc-gd-ssc-chsl-ssc-cgl-for-all-compitative-examsin-kannada","47":"tag-mcqs-for-sda-fda-pdo-vao-banking-kas-ias-ssc-gd-ssc-chsl-ssc-cgl-for-all-compitative-exams","48":"tag-mcqs-with-explanations","49":"tag-mendels-laws","50":"tag-mendelian-genetics","51":"tag-mitosis-and-meiosis","52":"tag-modern-genetics","53":"tag-molecular-biology","54":"tag-monohybrid-cross","55":"tag-mutation","56":"tag-neet-biology-mcqs","57":"tag-nucleic-acids","58":"tag-phenotype","59":"tag-punnett-square","60":"tag-rna-structure","61":"tag-science-quiz-genetics"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12970","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12970"}],"version-history":[{"count":110,"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12970\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38400,"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12970\/revisions\/38400"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12970"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12970"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12970"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}