{"id":13037,"date":"2025-09-26T08:26:53","date_gmt":"2025-09-26T07:26:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/?p=13037"},"modified":"2025-10-22T11:47:44","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T10:47:44","slug":"solid-and-hazardous-waste-management-top-100-mcqs-with-answer-and-explanation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/26\/solid-and-hazardous-waste-management-top-100-mcqs-with-answer-and-explanation\/","title":{"rendered":"Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Top 100 MCQs With Answer and Explanation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1. Solid waste refers to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Liquid wastes only
B) Gaseous emissions
C) Discarded solid materials from human activities
D) Radioactive emissions
Answer:<\/strong> C) Discarded solid materials from human activities
Explanation:<\/strong> Solid waste includes garbage, refuse, demolition debris, and other discarded solid matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. The per capita solid waste generation in Indian cities is approximately:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 0.1\u20130.2 kg\/day
B) 0.3\u20130.6 kg\/day
C) 1\u20132 kg\/day
D) 3\u20134 kg\/day
Answer:<\/strong> B) 0.3\u20130.6 kg\/day
Explanation:<\/strong> Indian urban residents generate around 300\u2013600 g of waste daily, lower than developed nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Which of the following is a biodegradable waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Food scraps
B) Plastic bags
C) Metals
D) Glass
Answer:<\/strong> A) Food scraps
Explanation:<\/strong> Biodegradable waste decomposes naturally by microorganisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Which of the following is non-biodegradable?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Paper
B) Plastics
C) Vegetable peels
D) Wood
Answer:<\/strong> B) Plastics
Explanation:<\/strong> Plastics persist for centuries without decomposing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) mainly consists of:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Agricultural residues
B) Household garbage and commercial waste
C) Industrial effluents
D) Mining residues
Answer:<\/strong> B) Household garbage and commercial waste
Explanation:<\/strong> MSW includes domestic, street sweeping, and market waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. The largest component of MSW in India is:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Plastic
B) Metals
C) Organic matter
D) Glass
Answer:<\/strong> C) Organic matter
Explanation:<\/strong> Indian MSW contains 40\u201360% organic waste due to food and agricultural residues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Which of the following is an open dumping drawback?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Groundwater contamination
B) Vector breeding
C) Foul odor
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> Open dumps are unhygienic, polluting, and cause diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Sanitary landfilling means:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Dumping waste without soil cover
B) Controlled disposal with compaction and soil cover
C) Waste burning
D) Composting
Answer:<\/strong> B) Controlled disposal with compaction and soil cover
Explanation:<\/strong> Sanitary landfills reduce pollution and disease risks compared to open dumps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. The liquid that drains out of landfills is called:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Sewage
B) Leachate
C) Effluent
D) Runoff
Answer:<\/strong> B) Leachate
Explanation:<\/strong> Leachate contains dissolved pollutants and must be treated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. The gas produced in landfills is mainly:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) CO\u2082 and CH\u2084
B) CO and O\u2082
C) NO\u2082 and SO\u2082
D) H\u2082 and N\u2082
Answer:<\/strong> A) CO\u2082 and CH\u2084
Explanation:<\/strong> Anaerobic decomposition produces landfill gas rich in methane and carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. The process of burning waste at high temperature to reduce volume is called:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Composting
B) Incineration
C) Gasification
D) Recycling
Answer:<\/strong> B) Incineration
Explanation:<\/strong> Incineration reduces waste volume but may release toxic emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. The by-product of incineration that contains toxic heavy metals is:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Compost
B) Fly ash
C) Biogas
D) Charcoal
Answer:<\/strong> B) Fly ash
Explanation:<\/strong> Fly ash contains toxic substances requiring safe disposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Composting converts:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Plastic waste into liquid fuel
B) Organic waste into manure
C) Metal waste into oxides
D) E-waste into raw material
Answer:<\/strong> B) Organic waste into manure
Explanation:<\/strong> Composting uses microbes to decompose biodegradable waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. The process of anaerobic digestion produces:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Compost
B) Biogas
C) Ash
D) Sludge
Answer:<\/strong> B) Biogas
Explanation:<\/strong> Anaerobic bacteria convert organic waste into methane-rich biogas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. Which waste management practice follows the principle of \u201c3Rs\u201d?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
B) Replace, Remove, Repair
C) Renew, Reform, Rebuild
D) Reduce, Regrow, Refill
Answer:<\/strong> A) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Explanation:<\/strong> 3Rs minimize waste and promote sustainability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Integrated Solid Waste Management means:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Using one disposal method only
B) Combination of several waste management techniques
C) Only recycling
D) Open dumping
Answer:<\/strong> B) Combination of several waste management techniques
Explanation:<\/strong> ISWM involves prevention, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and landfilling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Which Indian city is known as the cleanest (as per Swachh Survekshan 2022)?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Delhi
B) Indore
C) Surat
D) Mysuru
Answer:<\/strong> B) Indore
Explanation:<\/strong> Indore has consistently ranked as the cleanest city in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Which waste management technology is best for reducing volume of hazardous hospital waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Composting
B) Incineration
C) Open dumping
D) Recycling
Answer:<\/strong> B) Incineration
Explanation:<\/strong> Biomedical waste incineration prevents spread of infections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. Which of the following is an example of e-waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Food leftovers
B) Old computers and mobiles
C) Garden waste
D) Paper
Answer:<\/strong> B) Old computers and mobiles
Explanation:<\/strong> E-waste includes discarded electronics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. Which metal is commonly recovered from e-waste recycling?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Sodium
B) Gold
C) Calcium
D) Magnesium
Answer:<\/strong> B) Gold
Explanation:<\/strong> Electronic circuits contain precious metals like gold and silver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. Which law governs solid waste management in India?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
B) Air Act, 1981
C) Forest Act, 1927
D) Water Act, 1974
Answer:<\/strong> A) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
Explanation:<\/strong> SWM Rules regulate collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in waste management refers to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Responsibility of consumers only
B) Responsibility of manufacturers for disposal of products after use
C) Responsibility of government alone
D) None
Answer:<\/strong> B) Responsibility of manufacturers for disposal of products after use
Explanation:<\/strong> EPR ensures producers manage post-consumer waste (e.g., plastics, e-waste).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. Vermicomposting uses:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Earthworms
D) Insects
Answer:<\/strong> C) Earthworms
Explanation:<\/strong> Earthworms decompose organic waste into nutrient-rich vermicompost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. Which type of plastic is most harmful in the environment?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Biodegradable plastic
B) Thermoplastics
C) Single-use plastic
D) None
Answer:<\/strong> C) Single-use plastic
Explanation:<\/strong> Single-use plastics are non-biodegradable and accumulate in large quantities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched in India in:
<\/strong><\/mark>A) 2005
B) 2010
C) 2014
D) 2019
Answer:<\/strong> C) 2014
Explanation:<\/strong> Launched in 2014 to improve sanitation, waste management, and cleanliness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. Hazardous waste is defined as:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Only biodegradable waste
B) Waste that poses danger to health or environment
C) Municipal solid waste
D) Non-toxic industrial waste
Answer:<\/strong> B) Waste that poses danger to health or environment
Explanation:<\/strong> Hazardous wastes are ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. Which of the following is a hazardous waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Food waste
B) Scrap metal
C) Used batteries
D) Paper waste
Answer:<\/strong> C) Used batteries
Explanation:<\/strong> Batteries contain heavy metals like lead and cadmium, making them hazardous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. The Basel Convention (1989) deals with:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Air pollution
B) Hazardous waste movement across nations
C) Water pollution
D) Wildlife trade
Answer:<\/strong> B) Hazardous waste movement across nations
Explanation:<\/strong> Basel Convention controls transboundary movement of hazardous waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. Which Indian legislation regulates hazardous waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Air Act, 1981
B) Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016
C) Water Act, 1974
D) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Answer:<\/strong> B) Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016
Explanation:<\/strong> These rules govern collection, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. Which of the following is NOT considered hazardous waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Paint residues
B) Pesticide containers
C) Biomedical waste
D) Vegetable peels
Answer:<\/strong> D) Vegetable peels
Explanation:<\/strong> Vegetable peels are biodegradable and non-hazardous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. The characteristic of hazardous waste that causes it to explode or react violently is called:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Toxicity
B) Reactivity
C) Corrosivity
D) Ignitability
Answer:<\/strong> B) Reactivity
Explanation:<\/strong> Reactive wastes undergo violent reactions, explosions, or emit toxic gases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. Biomedical waste constitutes approximately what percentage of total hospital waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 5\u201310%
B) 15\u201325%
C) 50%
D) 80%
Answer:<\/strong> B) 15\u201325%
Explanation:<\/strong> About one-fifth of hospital waste is hazardous biomedical waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

33. The color coding for biomedical waste disposal bags in India is regulated by:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Water Act, 1974
B) Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016
C) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
D) Factories Act, 1948
Answer:<\/strong> B) Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016
Explanation:<\/strong> These rules specify segregation and color codes for biomedical waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

34. Which color bag is used for human anatomical waste?
<\/strong><\/mark>A) Yellow
B) Red
C) Blue
D) Black
Answer:<\/strong> A) Yellow
Explanation:<\/strong> Yellow bags are used for infectious waste like human and animal anatomical waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

35. Sharps waste (needles, blades) is disposed of in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Red bags
B) Blue\/white translucent containers
C) Yellow bags
D) Black bags
Answer:<\/strong> B) Blue\/white translucent containers
Explanation:<\/strong> Sharps are collected in puncture-proof containers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36. Expired medicines are disposed of in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Black bag
B) Yellow bag
C) Red bag
D) Green bag
Answer:<\/strong> B) Yellow bag
Explanation:<\/strong> Yellow bag is used for expired drugs and chemical waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

37. Which is the most preferred method for disposal of biomedical waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Composting
B) Open dumping
C) Incineration
D) Landfilling
Answer:<\/strong> C) Incineration
Explanation:<\/strong> Incineration destroys infectious agents and reduces waste volume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

38. The largest source of e-waste globally is:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Plastic bottles
B) Old clothes
C) Discarded electrical and electronic devices
D) Construction debris
Answer:<\/strong> C) Discarded electrical and electronic devices
Explanation:<\/strong> E-waste includes computers, mobiles, TVs, refrigerators, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

39. Which metal is most commonly recovered from e-waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Aluminium
B) Copper
C) Iron
D) Gold
Answer:<\/strong> B) Copper
Explanation:<\/strong> Copper wiring and circuits are widely recovered from e-waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40. Which country is the largest producer of e-waste (2022)?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) USA
B) China
C) India
D) Japan
Answer:<\/strong> B) China
Explanation:<\/strong> China generates the most e-waste, followed by USA and India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

41. Which city is called the \u201ce-waste capital of India\u201d?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Mumbai
B) Delhi
C) Bengaluru
D) Chennai
Answer:<\/strong> C) Bengaluru
Explanation:<\/strong> Bengaluru generates the maximum e-waste in India due to its IT industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

42. Which of the following hazards is linked to e-waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Lead poisoning
B) Mercury poisoning
C) Air and soil contamination
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> E-waste releases heavy metals and toxins affecting health and environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

43. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is mandatory in India for:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) E-waste and plastics
B) Municipal waste
C) Organic waste only
D) All biodegradable waste
Answer:<\/strong> A) E-waste and plastics
Explanation:<\/strong> Producers must take responsibility for collection and recycling of plastics and e-waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

44. The informal sector of e-waste recycling is dangerous because:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) It uses scientific recycling
B) It exposes workers to toxic substances without safety
C) It exports all waste
D) It burns all plastics
Answer:<\/strong> B) It exposes workers to toxic substances without safety
Explanation:<\/strong> Informal recycling lacks protective equipment, causing health hazards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

45. Which of the following is NOT an effect of hazardous waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Groundwater contamination
B) Genetic disorders
C) Biodiversity loss
D) Photosynthesis increase
Answer:<\/strong> D) Photosynthesis increase
Explanation:<\/strong> Hazardous waste does not enhance photosynthesis; it degrades ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

46. Which of the following is a radioactive hazardous waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Plastic bottles
B) Spent nuclear fuel rods
C) Used cooking oil
D) Organic compost
Answer:<\/strong> B) Spent nuclear fuel rods
Explanation:<\/strong> Radioactive waste from nuclear plants is highly hazardous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

47. Which of the following is NOT a method for hazardous waste disposal?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Secure landfilling
B) Deep well injection
C) Open dumping
D) Incineration
Answer:<\/strong> C) Open dumping
Explanation:<\/strong> Hazardous waste requires secure methods, not open dumping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

48. Which hazardous waste property is measured by the pH test?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Toxicity
B) Corrosivity
C) Reactivity
D) Ignitability
Answer:<\/strong> B) Corrosivity
Explanation:<\/strong> Waste with very low or high pH is corrosive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

49. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Biodegradable plastics
B) Persistent organic pollutants
C) Natural fertilizers
D) Non-toxic dyes
Answer:<\/strong> B) Persistent organic pollutants
Explanation:<\/strong> PCBs are toxic, bioaccumulative, and banned in many countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

50. Which of the following is an international treaty to control hazardous chemicals and pesticides?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Kyoto Protocol
B) Montreal Protocol
C) Stockholm Convention
D) Paris Agreement
Answer:<\/strong> C) Stockholm Convention
Explanation:<\/strong> Stockholm Convention (2001) targets Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

51. The primary aim of waste treatment is:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Increasing landfill volume
B) Reducing waste volume and toxicity
C) Generating more waste
D) Open dumping
Answer:<\/strong> B) Reducing waste volume and toxicity
Explanation:<\/strong> Treatment minimizes environmental hazards before final disposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

52. Which treatment is most suitable for organic municipal solid waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Composting
B) Landfilling
C) Incineration
D) Deep well injection
Answer:<\/strong> A) Composting
Explanation:<\/strong> Composting biologically converts organic waste into manure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

53. Which of the following is a thermal treatment method for solid waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Incineration
B) Composting
C) Sanitary landfill
D) Vermicomposting
Answer:<\/strong> A) Incineration
Explanation:<\/strong> Thermal treatments include incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

54. Pyrolysis of waste means:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Burning waste with excess oxygen
B) Decomposition of waste in absence of oxygen
C) Composting by microbes
D) Mixing with chemicals
Answer:<\/strong> B) Decomposition of waste in absence of oxygen
Explanation:<\/strong> Pyrolysis produces syngas, oil, and char from waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

55. Gasification is carried out in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Absence of oxygen
B) Limited oxygen supply
C) Excess oxygen
D) Underwater conditions
Answer:<\/strong> B) Limited oxygen supply
Explanation:<\/strong> Gasification partially oxidizes waste to produce syngas (CO + H\u2082).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

56. The energy recovered from waste is called:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Waste heat
B) Waste-to-energy
C) Recycling energy
D) Organic energy
Answer:<\/strong> B) Waste-to-energy
Explanation:<\/strong> MSW is used to generate electricity, heat, or fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

57. Which method is commonly used for disposal of municipal solid waste in India?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Sanitary landfilling
B) Composting
C) Open dumping
D) Incineration
Answer:<\/strong> C) Open dumping
Explanation:<\/strong> Though unscientific, open dumping is still widely practiced in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

58. Leachate treatment is essential in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Composting
B) Landfilling
C) Pyrolysis
D) Incineration
Answer:<\/strong> B) Landfilling
Explanation:<\/strong> Leachate from landfills contaminates soil and groundwater, requiring treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

59. Secure landfills are mainly used for:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Municipal solid waste
B) Hazardous waste
C) Agricultural waste
D) Food waste
Answer:<\/strong> B) Hazardous waste
Explanation:<\/strong> Hazardous wastes require engineered secure landfills with liners and leachate collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

60. Which of the following is NOT a waste treatment method?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Recycling
B) Composting
C) Open dumping
D) Incineration
Answer:<\/strong> C) Open dumping
Explanation:<\/strong> Open dumping is uncontrolled disposal, not a treatment method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

61. Waste stabilization ponds are mainly used for:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Solid waste
B) Liquid waste (sewage)
C) Hazardous waste
D) Radioactive waste
Answer:<\/strong> B) Liquid waste (sewage)
Explanation:<\/strong> Waste stabilization ponds biologically treat sewage in natural conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

62. Which biological process is used in sewage treatment plants?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Aerobic digestion
B) Anaerobic digestion
C) Activated sludge process
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> STPs use aerobic, anaerobic, and activated sludge processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

63. Flue gas treatment is needed in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Landfills
B) Compost plants
C) Incinerators
D) Vermicomposting
Answer:<\/strong> C) Incinerators
Explanation:<\/strong> Incineration produces flue gases that must be cleaned to remove SOx, NOx, and particulates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

64. Which of the following is used to neutralize acidic hazardous waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Lime (Ca(OH)\u2082)
B) Sand
C) Plastics
D) Fly ash
Answer:<\/strong> A) Lime (Ca(OH)\u2082)
Explanation:<\/strong> Lime neutralizes acidic effluents, making them safer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

65. Stabilization\/solidification is a hazardous waste treatment method that:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Reduces volume of waste only
B) Encapsulates waste in cement or chemicals
C) Converts waste into compost
D) Burns waste into ash
Answer:<\/strong> B) Encapsulates waste in cement or chemicals
Explanation:<\/strong> This immobilizes hazardous contaminants, reducing leaching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

66. Which gas is a major concern in landfill fires and explosions?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) CO\u2082
B) CH\u2084
C) NO\u2082
D) SO\u2082
Answer:<\/strong> B) CH\u2084
Explanation:<\/strong> Methane is flammable and accumulates in landfills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

67. Vermicomposting produces:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Biogas
B) Organic manure (vermicompost)
C) Ash
D) Toxic sludge
Answer:<\/strong> B) Organic manure (vermicompost)
Explanation:<\/strong> Earthworms convert biodegradable waste into nutrient-rich manure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

68. Anaerobic digestion produces:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Methane (biogas)
B) Nitrous oxide
C) Sulphur dioxide
D) Oxygen
Answer:<\/strong> A) Methane (biogas)
Explanation:<\/strong> Anaerobic microbes convert organic matter into methane and CO\u2082.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

69. RDF in waste management stands for:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Renewable Derived Fuel
B) Refuse Derived Fuel
C) Recycled Daily Fuel
D) Residual Dry Fraction
Answer:<\/strong> B) Refuse Derived Fuel
Explanation:<\/strong> RDF is fuel prepared from combustible components of MSW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

70. Which of the following is the cleanest waste treatment method?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Incineration
B) Composting
C) Landfilling
D) Pyrolysis
Answer:<\/strong> B) Composting
Explanation:<\/strong> Composting is eco-friendly, producing manure without harmful emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

71. Which method is most suitable for radioactive waste disposal?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Composting
B) Deep geological disposal
C) Incineration
D) Recycling
Answer:<\/strong> B) Deep geological disposal
Explanation:<\/strong> Radioactive waste is stored deep underground in stable geological formations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

72. Plasma arc technology in waste treatment uses:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Low-temperature heating
B) Very high-temperature plasma torches
C) Composting bacteria
D) Anaerobic digestion
Answer:<\/strong> B) Very high-temperature plasma torches
Explanation:<\/strong> Plasma arc converts waste into syngas and vitrified slag.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

73. Which method reduces both waste volume and generates electricity?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Sanitary landfilling
B) Composting
C) Waste-to-energy incineration
D) Recycling
Answer:<\/strong> C) Waste-to-energy incineration
Explanation:<\/strong> Incineration plants generate power from waste combustion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

74. Leachate from landfills is treated using:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Bioreactors
B) Membrane filtration
C) Chemical treatment
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> Combination of physical, chemical, and biological methods treat landfill leachate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

75. Which of the following is NOT a thermal waste treatment process?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Gasification
B) Pyrolysis
C) Composting
D) Incineration
Answer:<\/strong> C) Composting
Explanation:<\/strong> Composting is a biological, not thermal, treatment method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

76. The \u201cpolluter pays principle\u201d in waste management means:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Government bears cleanup cost
B) Public pays for pollution
C) The polluter bears cost of cleanup and control
D) No one is responsible
Answer:<\/strong> C) The polluter bears cost of cleanup and control
Explanation:<\/strong> It ensures accountability of industries\/individuals creating waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

77. Which waste management hierarchy is most sustainable?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Disposal \u2192 Treatment \u2192 Recycling \u2192 Prevention
B) Prevention \u2192 Reduce \u2192 Reuse \u2192 Recycle \u2192 Disposal
C) Open dumping \u2192 Composting \u2192 Recycling
D) Incineration only
Answer:<\/strong> B) Prevention \u2192 Reduce \u2192 Reuse \u2192 Recycle \u2192 Disposal
Explanation:<\/strong> This hierarchy minimizes waste at the source and promotes sustainability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

78. The term \u201cZero Waste\u201d refers to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Burning all waste
B) No waste generation through reuse and recycling
C) Only composting
D) Only landfilling
Answer:<\/strong> B) No waste generation through reuse and recycling
Explanation:<\/strong> Zero Waste promotes circular economy and waste prevention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

79. Which of the following is an example of industrial hazardous waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Kitchen waste
B) Textile dyes
C) Garden leaves
D) Paper scraps
Answer:<\/strong> B) Textile dyes
Explanation:<\/strong> Textile industries generate hazardous effluents containing dyes and chemicals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

80. Which international treaty deals with Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Montreal Protocol
B) Stockholm Convention
C) Kyoto Protocol
D) Basel Convention
Answer:<\/strong> B) Stockholm Convention
Explanation:<\/strong> It aims to eliminate\/restrict harmful POPs like PCBs and dioxins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

81. Which Indian law deals with e-waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Water Act, 1974
B) E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016
C) Air Act, 1981
D) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
Answer:<\/strong> B) E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016
Explanation:<\/strong> These rules regulate e-waste handling, recycling, and producer responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

82. Which gas is most commonly used in plasma arc waste treatment?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Oxygen
B) Argon
C) Methane
D) Nitrogen
Answer:<\/strong> B) Argon
Explanation:<\/strong> Argon plasma torches reach >10,000\u00b0C for efficient waste breakdown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

83. The term \u201cwhite pollution\u201d is associated with:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Plastics
B) Pesticides
C) Noise
D) Fly ash
Answer:<\/strong> A) Plastics
Explanation:<\/strong> Non-biodegradable plastic pollution is called white pollution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

84. Fly ash from thermal power plants can be used in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Fertilizers
B) Cement and bricks
C) Food packaging
D) Compost
Answer:<\/strong> B) Cement and bricks
Explanation:<\/strong> Fly ash is a raw material for cement, concrete, and bricks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

85. Which of the following is a biological method for hazardous waste remediation?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Bioremediation
B) Incineration
C) Pyrolysis
D) Deep well injection
Answer:<\/strong> A) Bioremediation
Explanation:<\/strong> Microorganisms degrade hazardous pollutants naturally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

86. Phytoremediation refers to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Use of bacteria to treat waste
B) Use of fungi to degrade waste
C) Use of plants to remove pollutants
D) Use of chemicals for treatment
Answer:<\/strong> C) Use of plants to remove pollutants
Explanation:<\/strong> Plants absorb heavy metals and toxins from soil and water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

87. Which method is used for long-term disposal of high-level radioactive waste?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Composting
B) Open dumping
C) Deep geological repository
D) Surface storage
Answer:<\/strong> C) Deep geological repository
Explanation:<\/strong> Waste is stored deep underground in stable geological formations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

88. Hazardous wastes with high calorific value are best treated by:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Composting
B) Incineration
C) Landfilling
D) Recycling
Answer:<\/strong> B) Incineration
Explanation:<\/strong> Incineration recovers energy from high-calorific hazardous wastes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

89. Which of the following is an example of a biological indicator of pollution?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Coliform bacteria in water
B) CO\u2082 in air
C) Lead in soil
D) PM2.5 concentration
Answer:<\/strong> A) Coliform bacteria in water
Explanation:<\/strong> Coliforms indicate sewage\/fecal contamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

90. Which technology is used in modern smart bins for waste segregation?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) RFID sensors
B) AI & IoT
C) Infrared sensors
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> Smart bins use sensors and AI for automatic waste sorting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

91. Which of the following wastes is most suitable for anaerobic digestion?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Plastic waste
B) Organic kitchen waste
C) Scrap metal
D) Glass bottles
Answer:<\/strong> B) Organic kitchen waste
Explanation:<\/strong> Biodegradable organic waste produces biogas via anaerobic digestion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

92. The \u201cBattery Waste Management Rules\u201d in India were notified in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 2001
B) 2010
C) 2020
D) 2022
Answer:<\/strong> D) 2022
Explanation:<\/strong> New rules mandate Extended Producer Responsibility for battery recycling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

93. Which chemical is most commonly released from landfills?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Methane
B) Ammonia
C) Hydrogen sulfide
D) Carbon monoxide
Answer:<\/strong> A) Methane
Explanation:<\/strong> Anaerobic decomposition produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

94. The Swachh Bharat Mission mainly focuses on:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) River cleaning only
B) Sanitation and solid waste management
C) Industrial waste treatment only
D) Nuclear waste
Answer:<\/strong> B) Sanitation and solid waste management
Explanation:<\/strong> SBM promotes cleanliness, waste segregation, and better sanitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

95. Which waste is best managed by plasma gasification?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Paper
B) Hazardous and medical waste
C) Organic manure
D) Plastic bottles only
Answer:<\/strong> B) Hazardous and medical waste
Explanation:<\/strong> Plasma gasification handles high-toxicity waste at extreme temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

96. \u201cGarbage to Garden\u201d initiative refers to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Recycling plastics into compost
B) Converting organic waste into compost for gardening
C) Using hazardous waste in parks
D) Waste disposal in forests
Answer:<\/strong> B) Converting organic waste into compost for gardening
Explanation:<\/strong> Household biodegradable waste is turned into compost for gardens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

97. Which city was first in India to achieve 100% waste segregation at source?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Indore
B) Mysuru
C) Panaji (Goa)
D) Surat
Answer:<\/strong> C) Panaji (Goa)
Explanation:<\/strong> Panaji implemented strict segregation and door-to-door collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

98. \u201cCradle to Cradle\u201d design in waste management promotes:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Open dumping
B) Waste designed to be fully reusable or recyclable
C) Landfilling all waste
D) Only incineration
Answer:<\/strong> B) Waste designed to be fully reusable or recyclable
Explanation:<\/strong> Cradle-to-cradle encourages circular economy practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

99. Which of the following wastes is classified as biomedical?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Food leftovers
B) Used syringes
C) Garden leaves
D) Scrap wood
Answer:<\/strong> B) Used syringes
Explanation:<\/strong> Biomedical waste includes infectious hospital waste like syringes and bandages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

100. The ultimate goal of solid and hazardous waste management is:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Open dumping
B) Energy recovery only
C) Protecting environment and human health
D) Increasing landfill sites
Answer:<\/strong> C) Protecting environment and human health
Explanation:<\/strong> The aim is to manage waste sustainably while minimizing risks.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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