{"id":13045,"date":"2025-09-26T08:39:24","date_gmt":"2025-09-26T07:39:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/?p=13045"},"modified":"2025-10-22T11:51:51","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T10:51:51","slug":"environmental-assessment-management-and-legislation-top-100-mcqs-with-answer-and-explanation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mcqsadda.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/26\/environmental-assessment-management-and-legislation-top-100-mcqs-with-answer-and-explanation\/","title":{"rendered":"Environmental Assessment, Management and Legislation Top 100 MCQs With Answer and Explanation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process used to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Increase industrial growth
B) Predict environmental impacts of proposed projects
C) Eliminate all development projects
D) Approve only forest projects
Answer:<\/strong> B) Predict environmental impacts of proposed projects
Explanation:<\/strong> EIA assesses potential positive\/negative impacts before clearance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. In India, EIA became mandatory under:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Forest Act, 1980
B) Water Act, 1974
C) Environment Protection Act, 1986
D) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Answer:<\/strong> C) Environment Protection Act, 1986
Explanation:<\/strong> EPA 1986 empowered the government to mandate EIAs for development projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Which of the following is NOT a step in the EIA process?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Screening
B) Scoping
C) Monitoring
D) Advertisi
Answer:<\/strong> D) Advertising
Explanation:<\/strong> Steps include screening, scoping, baseline study, impact analysis, mitigation, monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Screening in EIA refers to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Checking air pollution levels
B) Determining whether a project requires EIA
C) Screening movies for awareness
D) Identifying endangered species
Answer:<\/strong> B) Determining whether a project requires EIA
Explanation:<\/strong> Screening decides if a project falls under EIA regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Which organization issues Environmental Clearance (EC) in India?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) State Pollution Control Board
B) Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC)
C) Forest Department
D) National Green Tribunal
Answer:<\/strong> B) MoEFCC
Explanation:<\/strong> The MoEFCC (and SEIAAs at state level) grant environmental clearance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Public hearing in EIA ensures:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Confidential project approval
B) Community participation and transparency
C) Only government review
D) Industrial monopoly
Answer:<\/strong> B) Community participation and transparency
Explanation:<\/strong> Public hearings allow local communities to raise concerns before project approval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is applied at:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Project level only
B) Policy and plan level
C) Household level
D) Village council level
Answer:<\/strong> B) Policy and plan level
Explanation:<\/strong> SEA evaluates environmental consequences of policies and plans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Cumulative Impact Assessment considers:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Only one project
B) Combined impacts of multiple projects in a region
C) Only air pollution
D) Only social impacts
Answer:<\/strong> B) Combined impacts of multiple projects in a region
Explanation:<\/strong> It studies total regional impacts rather than isolated projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. The first country to introduce mandatory EIA was:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) USA
B) India
C) UK
D) Japan
Answer:<\/strong> A) USA
Explanation:<\/strong> NEPA (1970) in the USA made EIA compulsory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Cost-Benefit Analysis in EIA evaluates:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Political benefits
B) Economic costs vs environmental\/social benefits
C) Only company profit
D) Only forest loss
Answer:<\/strong> B) Economic costs vs environmental\/social benefits
Explanation:<\/strong> It balances project feasibility against environmental impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Study only end-of-life disposal
B) Assess environmental impacts of a product from cradle to grave
C) Analyze only air emissions
D) Evaluate only water pollution
Answer:<\/strong> B) Assess environmental impacts of a product from cradle to grave
Explanation:<\/strong> LCA covers extraction, production, use, and disposal phases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. EMP in EIA stands for:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Environmental Management Plan
B) Environmental Mapping Program
C) Eco Monitoring Project
D) Environment Mitigation Plan
Answer:<\/strong> A) Environmental Management Plan
Explanation:<\/strong> EMP outlines mitigation, monitoring, and management measures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Which of the following tools is used in EIA?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Checklists
B) Matrices
C) Simulation models
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> Various tools are applied to predict and analyze impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Carrying Capacity Analysis in EIA means:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Project\u2019s economic potential
B) Maximum population or activity an environment can sustain
C) Maximum number of trucks carrying waste
D) Industrial capacity
Answer:<\/strong> B) Maximum population or activity an environment can sustain
Explanation:<\/strong> It helps avoid overexploitation of resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. Rapid EIA differs from comprehensive EIA by:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Excluding public participation
B) Using shorter data collection (one season only)
C) Excluding cost-benefit analysis
D) Being industry-friendly only
Answer:<\/strong> B) Using shorter data collection (one season only)
Explanation:<\/strong> Rapid EIA is quicker but less detailed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. In India, the EIA Notification was first issued in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 1972
B) 1986
C) 1994
D) 2006
Answer:<\/strong> C) 1994
Explanation:<\/strong> First EIA notification under EPA, later revised in 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) studies:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Only air quality
B) Effects of projects on people and communities
C) Only biodiversity
D) Only economic cost
Answer:<\/strong> B) Effects of projects on people and communities
Explanation:<\/strong> SIA evaluates social and cultural consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Environmental Audit is conducted to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Approve mining projects
B) Assess compliance with environmental standards
C) Grant forest clearances
D) Issue pollution certificates
Answer:<\/strong> B) Assess compliance with environmental standards
Explanation:<\/strong> Audits ensure industries meet environmental norms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. \u201cPrecautionary Principle\u201d in EIA means:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Approve projects without studies
B) Take preventive action in advance of complete proof
C) Wait for full certainty before acting
D) Ignore small risks
Answer:<\/strong> B) Take preventive action in advance of complete proof
Explanation:<\/strong> Better to prevent than to cure environmental damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. EMP includes:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Mitigation measures
B) Monitoring programs
C) Waste management plans
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> EMP is a comprehensive plan to minimize adverse impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. Which of the following is NOT a limitation of EIA?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Inadequate baseline data
B) Time and cost consuming
C) Public participation requirement
D) Uncertainty in predictions
Answer:<\/strong> C) Public participation requirement
Explanation:<\/strong> Public participation is a strength, not a limitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. Which is a mandatory document for major projects in India?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) EIA Report
B) Environmental Clearance (EC) letter
C) Forest clearance
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> Depending on project type, multiple approvals are needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. The EIA process in India is monitored by:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) NGT
B) MoEFCC
C) SEIAA\/SEAC at state level
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> EIA involves multiple monitoring and clearance authorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. Which of the following projects needs mandatory EIA in India?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Nuclear power plants
B) Highways
C) Mining projects
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> Large, environmentally sensitive projects require EIA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. Baseline studies in EIA are conducted to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Assess current environmental status before project
B) Study only air quality
C) Record company profits
D) Compare international laws
Answer:<\/strong> A) Assess current environmental status before project
Explanation:<\/strong> Baseline data is essential to measure impacts later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. Environmental Management (EM) primarily aims at:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Maximizing industrial growth only
B) Conserving resources and reducing pollution
C) Ignoring community welfare
D) Exploiting natural resources
Answer:<\/strong> B) Conserving resources and reducing pollution
Explanation:<\/strong> EM ensures sustainable use of natural resources while protecting ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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27. Which of the following is NOT an environmental management approach?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Waste minimization
B) Cleaner production
C) Pollution prevention
D) Overexploitation
Answer:<\/strong> D) Overexploitation
Explanation:<\/strong> Overexploitation causes environmental degradation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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28. ISO 14001 certification relates to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Occupational safety
B) Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
C) Industrial productivity
D) Corporate profits
Answer:<\/strong> B) Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
Explanation:<\/strong> ISO 14001 provides standards for EMS implementation worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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29. Which is a preventive environmental management technique?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Installing end-of-pipe filters
B) Recycling and reusing waste
C) Open dumping
D) Ignoring pollution
Answer:<\/strong> B) Recycling and reusing waste
Explanation:<\/strong> Prevention focuses on reducing waste generation at source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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30. Eco-labeling helps consumers by:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Identifying environmentally friendly products
B) Promoting deforestation
C) Reducing transparency
D) Increasing waste
Answer:<\/strong> A) Identifying environmentally friendly products
Explanation:<\/strong> Eco-labels encourage sustainable consumer choices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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31. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) includes:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Only profit maximization
B) Responsibility towards society and environment
C) Export promotion only
D) Political funding
Answer:<\/strong> B) Responsibility towards society and environment
Explanation:<\/strong> CSR requires companies to balance profit with social and environmental care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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32. Which of the following is an example of market-based environmental management?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Carbon tax
B) Pollution control boards
C) Environmental courts
D) Public awareness campaigns
Answer:<\/strong> A) Carbon tax
Explanation:<\/strong> Market-based tools (taxes, tradable permits) incentivize emission reduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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33. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) applies to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Consumers
B) Producers responsible for post-consumer waste
C) Government only
D) NGOs
Answer:<\/strong> B) Producers responsible for post-consumer waste
Explanation:<\/strong> EPR requires producers to collect and recycle their products (e-waste, plastics).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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34. Which management principle is followed in Integrated Solid Waste Management?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 3Rs \u2013 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
B) Mining expansion
C) Industrial monopoly
D) Exporting waste
Answer:<\/strong> A) 3Rs \u2013 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Explanation:<\/strong> ISWM emphasizes waste minimization and resource recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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35. Cleaner Production (CP) is defined as:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Using more raw materials
B) Preventive approach to reduce pollution at source
C) Installing pollution control devices after pollution occurs
D) Ignoring environment
Answer:<\/strong> B) Preventive approach to reduce pollution at source
Explanation:<\/strong> CP avoids pollution instead of treating it later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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36. Environmental Auditing is conducted to:
<\/strong><\/mark>A) Approve new projects
B) Monitor compliance with environmental standards
C) Reduce biodiversity
D) Promote monoculture
Answer:<\/strong> B) Monitor compliance with environmental standards
Explanation:<\/strong> Audits check whether industries meet environmental norms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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37. Which of the following is an example of a command-and-control approach in environmental management?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Pollution tax
B) Carbon credit trading
C) Regulatory standards and penalties
D) Eco-labeling
Answer:<\/strong> C) Regulatory standards and penalties
Explanation:<\/strong> Command-and-control relies on laws and enforcement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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38. Environmental Management System (EMS) cycle follows:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Plan \u2192 Do \u2192 Check \u2192 Act
B) Plan \u2192 Profit \u2192 Expand \u2192 Export
C) Collect \u2192 Dump \u2192 Burn \u2192 Bury
D) None
Answer:<\/strong> A) Plan \u2192 Do \u2192 Check \u2192 Act
Explanation:<\/strong> EMS follows PDCA cycle for continuous improvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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39. Which of the following is NOT a component of sustainable environmental management?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Social equity
B) Economic development
C) Environmental protection
D) Overexploitation of resources
Answer:<\/strong> D) Overexploitation of resources
Explanation:<\/strong> Sustainability balances economy, society, and environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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40. Agenda 21 was adopted at:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Stockholm Conference, 1972
B) Rio Earth Summit, 1992
C) Kyoto Protocol, 1997
D) Paris Agreement, 2015
Answer:<\/strong> B) Rio Earth Summit, 1992
Explanation:<\/strong> Agenda 21 is a global action plan for sustainable development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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41. Which of the following is an instrument of environmental management?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Environmental legislation
B) Market-based instruments
C) Environmental education
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> EM uses legal, economic, and educational instruments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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42. Which of the following is a voluntary environmental management approach?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) ISO 14001 EMS certification
B) Pollution control regulations
C) Court orders
D) Penalties
Answer:<\/strong> A) ISO 14001 EMS certification
Explanation:<\/strong> ISO 14001 is voluntary, but widely adopted for credibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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43. Green marketing means:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Selling only agricultural products
B) Promoting eco-friendly products and services
C) Using green-colored packaging only
D) Selling waste materials
Answer:<\/strong> B) Promoting eco-friendly products and services
Explanation:<\/strong> Green marketing enhances sustainability and consumer awareness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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44. Environmental Governance refers to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Corporate monopolies
B) Laws, institutions, and processes managing environment
C) Only NGO activities
D) Profit-driven strategies
Answer:<\/strong> B) Laws, institutions, and processes managing environment
Explanation:<\/strong> Governance ensures accountability and sustainability in environmental management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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45. Carrying Capacity Based Development Planning is used to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Expand industries unlimitedly
B) Limit development within ecosystem capacity
C) Encourage overexploitation
D) Remove forests for cities
Answer:<\/strong> B) Limit development within ecosystem capacity
Explanation:<\/strong> It prevents overuse of environmental resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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46. Which sector contributes most to greenhouse gas emissions in India?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Industry
B) Agriculture
C) Energy (Power generation)
D) Transport
Answer:<\/strong> C) Energy (Power generation)
Explanation:<\/strong> Coal-based power plants are the largest GHG emitters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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47. Which of the following is an eco-friendly technology?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Solar power
B) Wind energy
C) Biogas plants
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> Renewable energy technologies reduce environmental impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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48. Which principle underlies sustainable waste management?
A) Circular economy
<\/mark><\/strong>B) Linear economy
C) Exporting waste abroad
D) Landfilling only
Answer:<\/strong> A) Circular economy
Explanation:<\/strong> Resources are reused and recycled in a closed loop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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49. Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) in India is regulated under:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Air Act, 1981
B) Companies Act, 2013
C) Environment Protection Act, 1986
D) Water Act, 1974
Answer:<\/strong> B) Companies Act, 2013
Explanation:<\/strong> Companies are required to spend CSR funds on environmental protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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50. Eco-efficiency means:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) More profit with less environmental impact
B) More energy use and more waste
C) Ignoring sustainability
D) Stopping all industrial activity
Answer:<\/strong> A) More profit with less environmental impact
Explanation:<\/strong> Eco-efficiency improves productivity while reducing resource use and pollution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

51. The first major environmental law enacted in India was:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
B) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
C) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
D) Environment Protection Act, 1986
Answer:<\/strong> B) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Explanation:<\/strong> This was the first comprehensive law to address water pollution and establish Pollution Control Boards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

52. The Environment Protection Act (EPA) in India was passed in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 1972
B) 1981
C) 1986
D) 1992
Answer:<\/strong> C) 1986
Explanation:<\/strong> Enacted after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, EPA gives wide powers to regulate environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

53. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in India in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 1974
B) 1981
C) 1986
D) 1990
Answer:<\/strong> B) 1981
Explanation:<\/strong> It controls air pollution and created CPCB & SPCBs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

54. The Wildlife Protection Act in India was enacted in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 1972
B) 1980
C) 1986
D) 1995
Answer:<\/strong> A) 1972
Explanation:<\/strong> It provides protection to wild animals, birds, and plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

55. Which act regulates the conservation of forests in India?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Indian Forest Act, 1927
B) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
C) Wildlife Act, 1972
D) Environment Protection Act, 1986
Answer:<\/strong> B) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Explanation:<\/strong> This act prevents diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

56. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established in India in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 1992
B) 2000
C) 2010
D) 2015
Answer:<\/strong> C) 2010
Explanation:<\/strong> NGT provides speedy disposal of environmental disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

57. Which of the following is NOT a function of CPCB?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Monitoring pollution levels
B) Conducting environmental research
C) Enforcing corporate social responsibility (CSR)
D) Implementing pollution control laws
Answer:<\/strong> C) Enforcing corporate social responsibility (CSR)
Explanation:<\/strong> CSR is under Companies Act, not CPCB\u2019s mandate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

58. Public Liability Insurance Act (1991) in India ensures:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Insurance coverage for industries
B) Immediate relief to victims of industrial accidentsC) Compensation for biodiversity loss
D) Tax relief to polluters
Answer:<\/strong> B) Immediate relief to victims of industrial accidents
Explanation:<\/strong> It provides compensation to people affected by hazardous industries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

59. Biodiversity Act in India was passed in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 1992
B) 2000
C) 2002
D) 2010
Answer:<\/strong> C) 2002
Explanation:<\/strong> The Biological Diversity Act 2002 implements CBD commitments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

60. Which Indian act addresses noise pollution?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Forest Act, 1980
B) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
C) Environment Protection Act, 1986
D) Wildlife Act, 1972
Answer:<\/strong> C) Environment Protection Act, 1986
Explanation:<\/strong> Noise pollution is regulated as an environmental pollutant under EPA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

61. Ramsar Convention (1971) deals with:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Wetland conservation
B) Desertification control
C) Ozone depletion
D) Forest management
Answer:<\/strong> A) Wetland conservation
Explanation:<\/strong> Ramsar is an international treaty for wetland protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

62. The Rio Earth Summit (1992) led to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Montreal Protocol
B) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
C) Basel Convention
D) Kyoto Protocol
Answer:<\/strong> B) UNFCCC
Explanation:<\/strong> The Rio Summit produced UNFCCC, CBD, and Agenda 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

63. The Montreal Protocol (1987) is related to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Greenhouse gas emissions
B) Ozone-depleting substances
C) Desertification
D) Hazardous waste trade
Answer:<\/strong> B) Ozone-depleting substances
Explanation:<\/strong> It phases out CFCs and related chemicals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

64. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) focuses on:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Wetland conservation
B) Global warming and greenhouse gases
C) Wildlife trade
D) Mining regulation
Answer:<\/strong> B) Global warming and greenhouse gases
Explanation:<\/strong> Kyoto set binding targets for reducing GHG emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

65. The Paris Agreement (2015) aims to limit global warming to:
<\/strong><\/mark>A) Below 3\u00b0C
B) Below 2\u00b0C, ideally 1.5\u00b0C
C) Below 4\u00b0C
D) No specific target
Answer:<\/strong> B) Below 2\u00b0C, ideally 1.5\u00b0C
Explanation:<\/strong> The agreement emphasizes NDCs for emission reduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

66. The Basel Convention (1989) deals with:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Plastic pollution
B) Hazardous waste movement across borders
C) Forest conservation
D) Acid rain
Answer:<\/strong> B) Hazardous waste movement across borders
Explanation:<\/strong> It regulates export\/import of hazardous waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

67. The Stockholm Convention (2001) targets:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
B) Wetland biodiversity
C) Desertification
D) Groundwater contamination
Answer:<\/strong> A) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Explanation:<\/strong> Stockholm Convention restricts dangerous POPs like DDT, PCBs, dioxins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

68. Cartagena Protocol (2000) relates to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Hazardous waste
B) Biosafety and GMOs
C) Greenhouse gases
D) Ozone depletion
Answer:<\/strong> B) Biosafety and GMOs
Explanation:<\/strong> It ensures safe handling of genetically modified organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

69. Which Indian law provides protection to coastal zones?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) CRZ Notification, 1991
B) Water Act, 1974
C) Forest Act, 1980
D) Air Act, 1981
Answer:<\/strong> A) CRZ Notification, 1991
Explanation:<\/strong> Coastal Regulation Zone Notification restricts activities along India\u2019s coasts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

70. Which international treaty is concerned with endangered species trade?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Ramsar Convention
B) CITES
C) Kyoto Protocol
D) Basel Convention
Answer:<\/strong> B) CITES
Explanation:<\/strong> CITES (1975) controls trade in endangered flora and fauna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

71. The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) in India was established in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 1990
B) 2002
C) 2007
D) 2010
Answer:<\/strong> C) 2007
Explanation:<\/strong> WCCB combats illegal wildlife trade in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

72. The Environment Protection Act (1986) was passed after which disaster?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Chernobyl Disaster
B) Bhopal Gas Tragedy
C) Minamata Disaster
D) Tsunami 2004
Answer:<\/strong> B) Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Explanation:<\/strong> The 1984 tragedy highlighted the need for stricter environmental laws.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

73. The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established under:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Wildlife Act, 1972
B) Biodiversity Act, 2002
C) Environment Protection Act, 1986
D) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Answer:<\/strong> B) Biodiversity Act, 2002
Explanation:<\/strong> NBA manages access to biological resources and benefit-sharing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

74. Which Indian constitutional article directs the State to protect and improve environment?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Article 14
B) Article 21
C) Article 48A
D) Article 370
Answer:<\/strong> C) Article 48A
Explanation:<\/strong> It is a Directive Principle mandating environmental protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

75. Which Article of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to a healthy environment as part of Right to Life?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Article 14
B) Article 21
C) Article 19
D) Article 32
Answer:<\/strong> B) Article 21
Explanation:<\/strong> The Supreme Court interpreted Article 21 to include the right to a clean environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

76. The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) means:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Polluter pays government taxes only
B) Polluter bears cost of preventing & cleaning pollution
C) Polluter gets tax exemptions
D) Polluter shifts responsibility to NGOs
Answer:<\/strong> B) Polluter bears cost of preventing & cleaning pollution
Explanation:<\/strong> PPP ensures accountability of industries and individuals causing pollution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

77. The Precautionary Principle in environmental law implies:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Wait for full proof before action
B) Take preventive measures even in scientific uncertainty
C) Ignore small risks
D) Ban all industries
Answer:<\/strong> B) Take preventive measures even in scientific uncertainty
Explanation:<\/strong> It favors early action to avoid irreversible environmental damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

78. Which international body reviews compliance with Paris Agreement?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) UNEP
B) IPCC
C) UNFCCC
D) World Bank
Answer:<\/strong> C) UNFCCC
Explanation:<\/strong> UNFCCC oversees Paris Agreement implementation through COP meetings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

79. Green Tribunal in India primarily handles:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Civil disputes only
B) Criminal trials
C) Environmental cases
D) Political issues
Answer:<\/strong> C) Environmental cases
Explanation:<\/strong> NGT resolves environmental disputes quickly and effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

80. Environmental Clearance (EC) in India is valid for how many years for mining projects?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 5 years
B) 10 years
C) 20 years
D) 30 years
Answer:<\/strong> B) 10 years
Explanation:<\/strong> EC validity is project-specific; mining projects generally get 10 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

81. The \u201cRight to Information (RTI)\u201d Act (2005) strengthens environmental governance by:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Limiting citizen access
B) Promoting transparency & accountability
C) Banning NGOs
D) Reducing public hearings
Answer:<\/strong> B) Promoting transparency & accountability
Explanation:<\/strong> Citizens can demand information on environmental clearances, laws, and pollution data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

82. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, empowers the central government to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Close polluting industries
B) Set emission standards
C) Declare eco-sensitive zones
D) All of these
Answer:<\/strong> D) All of these
Explanation:<\/strong> EPA 1986 gives wide-ranging powers to regulate environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

83. The term \u201cCarbon Credit\u201d refers to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Unit of tax exemption
B) Tradeable permit equal to 1 tonne of CO\u2082 reduced\/removed
C) Money spent on green products
D) Plantation certificate
Answer:<\/strong> B) Tradeable permit equal to 1 tonne of CO\u2082 reduced\/removed
Explanation:<\/strong> Carbon credits allow trading of emission reductions under Kyoto Protocol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

84. Which body in India implements the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) CPCB
B) MoEFCC
C) NGT
D) State governments only
Answer:<\/strong> B) MoEFCC
Explanation:<\/strong> The Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change coordinates NAPCC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

85. The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules in India restrict:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Fishing
B) Construction & industrial activities along coasts
C) Tourism
D) Ship navigation
Answer:<\/strong> B) Construction & industrial activities along coasts
Explanation:<\/strong> CRZ protects fragile coastal ecosystems from unregulated development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

86. Which Indian program focuses on afforestation and eco-restoration?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Namami Gange
B) Green India Mission
C) Smart Cities Mission
D) Atal Jal
Answer:<\/strong> B) Green India Mission
Explanation:<\/strong> Launched under NAPCC, it enhances carbon sinks via afforestation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

87. Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in environmental cases allows:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Only government agencies to sue
B) Any citizen\/NGO to approach court
C) Only industrialists to challenge laws
D) No public involvement
Answer:<\/strong> B) Any citizen\/NGO to approach court
Explanation:<\/strong> PIL democratizes access to environmental justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

88. Which international treaty deals with desertification?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Ramsar Convention
B) UNCCD
C) CITES
D) Kyoto Protocol
Answer:<\/strong> B) UNCCD
Explanation:<\/strong> The UN Convention to Combat Desertification addresses land degradation and drought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

89. Eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) in India are declared around:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Highways
B) Wildlife sanctuaries & national parks
C) Industrial areas
D) Rivers
Answer:<\/strong> B) Wildlife sanctuaries & national parks
Explanation:<\/strong> ESZs act as buffer zones to protect core wildlife habitats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

90. Which principle guides the Rio Declaration (1992)?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Sustainable development
B) Open market economy
C) Free trade in endangered species
D) Industrial monopoly
Answer:<\/strong> A) Sustainable development
Explanation:<\/strong> Rio Declaration emphasizes balance between environment and development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

91. Which of the following is a penalty under the Environment Protection Act, 1986?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Fine up to \u20b91 lakh
B) Imprisonment up to 5 years
C) Both A and B
D) Only company closure
Answer:<\/strong> C) Both A and B
Explanation:<\/strong> Violations invite fines and imprisonment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

92. The Nagoya Protocol (2010) is related to:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Biodiversity access and benefit sharing
B) Hazardous waste
C) Climate change
D) Wetlands
Answer:<\/strong> A) Biodiversity access and benefit sharing
Explanation:<\/strong> It ensures fair sharing of benefits from use of genetic resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

93. In India, Environmental Statements (audit reports) by industries are submitted:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Monthly
B) Annually
C) Every 5 years
D) Not mandatory
Answer:<\/strong> B) Annually
Explanation:<\/strong> Industries must file annual environmental compliance reports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

94. Which international agreement banned trade in ozone-depleting substances?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Basel Convention
B) Montreal Protocol
C) Rio Declaration
D) Kyoto Protocol
Answer:<\/strong> B) Montreal Protocol
Explanation:<\/strong> Montreal phased out ODS like CFCs, HCFCs, and halons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

95. Which Indian body regulates clearance for hydroelectric projects?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) Central Water Commission
B) MoEFCC
C) NGT
D) State Pollution Control Boards
Answer:<\/strong> B) MoEFCC
Explanation:<\/strong> Environmental clearance for major hydropower projects comes from MoEFCC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

96. Which country is NOT a party to the Kyoto Protocol?
<\/mark><\/strong>A) India
B) USA
C) China
D) Japan
Answer:<\/strong> B) USA
Explanation:<\/strong> The USA signed but never ratified Kyoto Protocol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

97. The National Environment Policy (NEP) of India was adopted in:
<\/mark><\/strong>A) 1992
B) 2002
C) 2006
D) 2010
Answer:<\/strong> C) 2006
Explanation:<\/strong> NEP 2006 provides an overarching framework for sustainable development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

98. Which international treaty regulates movement of hazardous chemicals?<\/mark><\/strong>
A) Rotterdam Convention
B) Basel Convention
C) Stockholm Convention
D) Nagoya Protocol
Answer:<\/strong> A) Rotterdam Convention
Explanation:<\/strong> It ensures prior informed consent before international trade of hazardous chemicals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

99. Who can approach the NGT for filing a case?<\/mark><\/strong>
A) Only affected villagers
B) Any person, NGO, or organization
C) Only state government
D) Only industries
Answer:<\/strong> B) Any person, NGO, or organization
Explanation:<\/strong> NGT is accessible to all stakeholders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

100. The ultimate aim of environmental legislation is to:<\/mark><\/strong>
A) Promote industrial monopoly
B) Balance environmental protection with development
C) Ban all industries
D) Increase government revenue
Answer:<\/strong> B) Balance environmental protection with development
Explanation:<\/strong> Environmental laws safeguard ecosystems while allowing sustainable development.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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